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Surface Architecture of Fungal Pathogens
Surface components in fungal cells include cell wall molecules and, in certain cases, capsular structures. In pathogens, these components are responsible for key events during interaction with the host. These events include recognition of pathogens by the immune system and generation of damage to host cells and tissues. The molecular nature of surface structures in fungi is vast and may include (glyco)proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and pigments. Many of them have been strictly associated with the antifungal immune response, as well as with steps of fungal adhesion and dissemination during interaction with host cells. For many fungal pathogens, surface composition and architecture are determinant for either disease progression or control. The diversity of the composition of the cell surface and its molecular architecture are believed to include targets for the action of new antifungals, as well as immunogens with potential to interfere with fungal diseases in favor of the host.
NLR-protein functions in immunity
The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins are evolutionary conserved molecules that in plants and mammals have been implicated in innate immune sensing of microbes and infection-associated physiological changes, contributing to immune protection of the challenged host organism through the instruction of inflammatory responses, antimicrobial defense and adaptive immunity. Recent data however suggests that the biological roles of NLR go beyond the function of classical pattern recognition molecules (PRM) as they have been implicated in essential cellular processes including autophagy, apoptosis, modification of signal transduction and gene transcription as well as reproductive biology. In...
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Host and Microbe Adaptations in the Evolution of Immunity
The evolution of metazoans has been accompanied by new interfaces with the microbial environment that include biological barriers and surveillance by specialized cell types. Increasingly complex organisms require increased capacities to confront pathogens, achieved by co-evolution of recognition mechanisms and regulatory pathways. Two distinct but interactive forms of immunity have evolved. Innate immunity, shared by all metazoans, is traditionally viewed as simple and non-specific. Adaptive immunity possesses the capacity to anticipate new infectious challenges and recall previous exposures; the most well-understood example of such a system, exhibited by lymphocytes of vertebrates, is based...
Autophagy in Health and Disease
Richly illustrated and referenced.
Science
A weekly record of scientific progress.
Latin America and Refugee Protection
Looking at refugee protection in Latin America, this landmark edited collection assesses what the region has achieved in recent years. It analyses Latin America’s main documents in refugee protection, evaluates the particular aspects of different regimes, and reviews their emergence, development and effect, to develop understanding of refugee protection in the region. Drawing from multidisciplinary texts from both leading academics and practitioners, this comprehensive, innovative and highly topical book adopts an analytical framework to understand and improve Latin America’s protection of refugees.
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