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Land reforms are laws that are intended, and likely, to cut poverty by raising the poor’s share of land rights. That raises questions about property rights as old as moral philosophy, and issues of efficiency and fairness that dominate policy from Bolivia to Nepal. Classic reforms directly transfer land from rich to poor. However, much else has been marketed as land reform: the restriction of tenancy, but also its de-restriction; collectivisation, but also de-collectivisation; land consolidation, but also land division. In 1955-2000, genuine land reform affected over a billion people, and almost as many hectares. Is land reform still alive, for example in Bolivia, South Africa and Nepal? O...
Many governments in developing countries, donors, and nongovernmental organizations have been trying to use their resources in ways that steer the benefits towards poor people. Sharp discontinuities exist between poor and ultra-poor, but not between poor and non-poor. These differences, especially in regard to labor-market and demographic behaviors and responses, are related to income linked nutritional risks incurred, often lifelong, by ultra-poor households only. This does not prove that policies, aimed at raising productivity among the poor, do not help the ultra-poor, but it does strongly suggest that the ultra-poor may require different policies, in particular "calories and health first, " if they are to be able to raise their productivity.
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This book explores successful efforts to alleviate poverty, and asks whether any of the features of these policies or projects can be imported into environments where poverty has not yet declined significantly.
Bank lending for agriculture and rural development from the 1970s to the 1980s: will the decline continue? Anticipating the challenges of the 1990s. Regional variations.
January 1983