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Legal historians have analysed the characteristics of merchant guilds and nationes (i.e., associations of foreign merchants), as well as the political clout of merchants, including foreign ones. However, how the legal status of citizens related to the merchant class and how its contents were influenced by trade remains largely unclear. Did governments have a policy of citizenship that was tailored to commercial interests? Were foreign merchants belonging to a separate legal category of resident? If so, what defined this category? To what extent could different types of legal status and membership of communities or guilds overlap? And how did all this affect merchants’ identities, their self-images of belonging? This collection of essays provides anwers to these questions. Contributors are: Sonja Breustedt, Pieter De Reu, Gijs Dreijer, Maurits den Hollander, Marco In’t Veld, Marta Lupi, Manon Moerman, Remko Mooi, Patrick Naaktgeboren, and Joost Possemiers.
Presenting a rare glimpse into the dining rooms of Belgian nobility from the Middle Ages to modern times, specialists in the field discuss gastronomy and festive culture in a historical and sociological context. This stunning work provides insights into both the culinary proclivities and table manors of these epic gourmands, answering such questions as What was the daily menu of the dukes of Burgundy? What was behind the sudden enthusiasm for saltwater fish in the 17th century? and Why were exotic desserts so popular in the 19th century? A valuable addition to the historical study of Belgian Noblemen and the ruling elite, this bilingual collection--presented in both English and French--creates a wonderfully rich portrait of the past, from the dukes of Burgundy to Belgian royalty.
Accidents often occur not only through the fault of the wrongdoer but also partly through the conduct of the injured party. This contributory conduct of the injured party and its consequences for the delictual liability of the wrongdoer have been central issues in the study of private law for centuries. In Contributory Negligence. A Historical and Comparative Study Van Dongen presents a detailed study of how from Antiquity to today the negligent behaviour of the injured party has influenced claims for damages based on delictual liability and how it evolved into the modern concept of contributory negligence. His research comprises a comparative legal study of the main current developments concerning the concept of contributory negligence in France, Germany and the Netherlands.
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