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In recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of forced displacements due to natural disasters, armed conflicts, and pandemics, which has favoured an increase in the number of temporary accommodations. Although the provision of shelter after an emergency situation is one of the priorities of humanitarian aid, the reality is that the conditions in which people live in a situation of forced displacement are absolutely precarious and overcrowded. Nowadays, this type of housing tends to have a short lifespan, deepening the environmental impact and the generation of waste. Likewise, added to this great problem is the linear economic system implemented worldwide, which also causes a hig...
The modern hospital is at once the site of healing, the locus of medical learning and a cornerstone of the welfare state. Its technological and infrastructural costs have transformed health services into one of today's fastest growing sectors, absorbing substantial proportions of national income in both developed and emerging economies. The aim of this book is to examine this growth in different countries, with a main focus on the twentieth century, and also with a backward glance to earlier shaping forces. It will explore the hospital's economic history, the relationship between public and private forms of provision, and the political context in which health systems were constructed. The collection advances the historical world map of different hospital models, ranging across Spain, Brazil, Germany, East and Central Europe, Britain, the United States and China. Collectively, these comparative cases illuminate the complexities involved in each country and bring new historical evidence to current debates on health care organisation, financing and reform.
Class-tested and coherent, this textbook teaches classical and web information retrieval, including web search and the related areas of text classification and text clustering from basic concepts. It gives an up-to-date treatment of all aspects of the design and implementation of systems for gathering, indexing, and searching documents; methods for evaluating systems; and an introduction to the use of machine learning methods on text collections. All the important ideas are explained using examples and figures, making it perfect for introductory courses in information retrieval for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in computer science. Based on feedback from extensive classroom experience, the book has been carefully structured in order to make teaching more natural and effective. Slides and additional exercises (with solutions for lecturers) are also available through the book's supporting website to help course instructors prepare their lectures.
In diesem Werk werden Polysaccharide unter sämtlichen Aspekten betrachtet, von den Grundkonzepten bis zur kommerziellen Vermarktung. Thema der einzelnen Kapitel sind die verschiedenen Arten von Quellen, die Klassifikation, Eigenschaften, Charakterisierung, Verarbeitung, Rheologie und Herstellung von Materialien auf Grundlage von Polysacchariden sowie von Polysaccharid-Gemischen und -Gelen. Anwendung finden Polysaccharide u. a. in der Kosmetik, der Lebensmittelwissenschaft, der Medikamentenverabreichung, der Biomedizin, der Biokraftstoffproduktion, der Schifffahrt, im Verpackungswesen, in der Chromatographie und der Umweltsanierung. Darüber hinaus vermittelt das Werk einen Überblick über die Herstellung von anorganischen und Kohlenstoff-Nanomaterialien aus Polysacchariden. Mit der Betrachtung industrieller Anwendungen schließt das Buch die Lücke zwischen der Forschungsarbeit im Labor und wirtschaftlich nutzbaren Anwendungen in entsprechenden Unternehmen.
The three-volume set CCIS 1224, CCIS 1225, and CCIS 1226 contains the extended abstracts of the posters presented during the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2020, which took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2020.* HCII 2020 received a total of 6326 submissions, of which 1439 papers and 238 posters were accepted for publication in the pre-conference proceedings after a careful reviewing process. The 238 papers presented in these three volumes are organized in topical sections as follows: Part I: design and evaluation methods and tools; user characteristics, requirements and preferences; multimodal and natural interaction; recognizing human psychological ...
This Springer Briefs volume guides the reader in a comprehensive form to design new digital business models. The book provides strategic roadmaps for enterprises in the digital world, and a comprehensive framework to assess new business models. It aligns both, research and a practical perspective through real case study examples. Even extreme scenarios are employed to ensure that innovative approaches are being considered adequately.
Women, Business and the Law 2020, the sixth edition in a series, analyzes laws and regulations affecting women's economic inclusion in 190 economies. The Women, Business and the Law Index, composed by eight indicators structured around women's interactions with the law as they begin, progress through and end their careers, aligns different areas of the law with the economic decisions women make at various stages of their lives. The indicators are: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension.The report updates all indicators as of September 1, 2019, and builds evidence around the linkages between legal gender equality and women's economic inclusion. By examining the economic decisions women make as they go through different stages of their working lives and the pace of reforms over the past 2 years, Women, Business and the Law makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women's economic opportunities and empowerment. While celebrating the progress made, the data and analysis emphasize the work still to be done to ensure economic empowerment for all.