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Evaluation of Clear Air Turbulence Detection by Ground-based Radars, Special Rawinsondes, and Aircraft, 1967-1971
During the winter operations, from 1967 to 1971, of Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) research at Wallops Island, Virginia, the Weater Radar Branch of Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories observed eighteen cases of significant turbulence, defined as cases of light-to-moderate or moderate intensity. The report presents the meteorological data for each of these cases, consisting of synoptic sea level and upper air charts and rawinsonde data, observations of clear air echoes with powerful radars, and aircraft data which are used to indicate the present location and intensity of the turbulence.
Compatibility of Aircraft and Rawinsonde Measurements
Investigation of data obtained by aircraft during Project Rough Rider '71 reveals that aircraft navigation is unsatisfactory for mesoscale research on the convective cell scale. The established method for re-navigating the flights is modified to yield navigation errors of less than 0.1 nautical mile for most tracks when compared with entries in the navigator's log. It is shown that the corrections required are dependent on the height of the aircraft above the terrain, terrain slope and wind. Meteorological parameters obtained from aircraft measurements are compared with rawinsonde measurements. These comparisons show that if appropriate corrections are applied, the data are useful for extending rawinsonde networks and defining spatial gradients of parameters between stations. Recommendations for determination of correction factors and suggestions for further research are made. (Author).
Computer Processing of Mesoscale Rawinsonde Data from Project Stormy Spring
This report documents the data reduction procedures used for processing the mesoscale rawinsonde data obtained during Project Stormy Spring. Temperature and humidity data at each pressure contact (about each half-minute) and azimuth and elevation data at either two or ten times per minute were entered on punched cards. The 50-mb layer data for a series of soundings at one station were computed and used in another program to compute local time derivatives and single-station thermodynamic vertical velocities. Data at numerous isobaric and isentropic levels were obtained by interpolation. Data output took a variety of forms including: listings of soundings, time sections, isobaric and isentropic plane sections, mechanical plots of soundings of Skew-T log P diagrams, time traces, punched cards, and magnetic tapes. (Author).
Comparative Meteorological Testing of the AMT-13 Dropsonde and JOOX-series Rawinsonde in an Environmental Wind Tunnel
The test program described in the report was conducted at the Arnold Engineering and Development Center (AEDC), Tullahoma, Tennessee. The purpose of the test was to determine the accuracy and response characteristics of the temperature and relative humidity measurements made by the AMT-13 dropsonde and the JOOX-series rawinsondes. The temperature measurements of both types of sounding systems were found to be accurate to within plus or minus 1.0 degrees C and both would respond to temperature change rates equivalent to 5 degrees C per 1000 feet of vertical atmosphere without significant loss of accuracy. The humidity measurements of both systems were within the specified plus or minus 5% to 7% relative humidity accuracy, however, the AMT-13 dropsonde humidity accuracy degraded rapidly upon encountering liquid moisture. A shield to protect the dropsonde humidity sensor from direct moisture contact was fabricated and tested; it virtually eliminated the inaccuracies caused by the water contact.
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