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A boom in the production and export of cotton turned Iran into the richest region of the Islamic caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries. Yet in the eleventh century, Iran's primacy ended as its agricultural economy entered a steep decline. Richard W. Bulliet advances several provocative explanations, for example that the boom in cotton production paralleled the spread of Islam and that Iran's agricultural decline stemmed from a significant cooling of the climate that lasted more than a century. Substantiating his argument with innovative quantitative research and scientific discoveries, Bulliet first establishes the relationship between Iran's cotton industry and Islam and then outlines the evidence for what he terms the "Big Chill." He then focuses on a lucrative but temperature-sensitive industry of cross-breeding one-humped and two-humped camels, concluding with an unusual concatenation of events that had a profound and long-lasting impact not just on the history of Iran but on the development of the world.
Making environmental history accessible to scholars of the Middle East and the history of the region accessible to environmental historians, Water on Sand opens up new fields of scholarly inquiry.
Learn how to perform data analysis with the R language and software environment, even if you have little or no programming experience. With the tutorials in this hands-on guide, youâ??ll learn how to use the essential R tools you need to know to analyze data, including data types and programming concepts. The second half of Learning R shows you real data analysis in action by covering everything from importing data to publishing your results. Each chapter in the book includes a quiz on what youâ??ve learned, and concludes with exercises, most of which involve writing R code. Write a simple R program, and discover what the language can do Use data types such as vectors, arrays, lists, data frames, and strings Execute code conditionally or repeatedly with branches and loops Apply R add-on packages, and package your own work for others Learn how to clean data you import from a variety of sources Understand data through visualization and summary statistics Use statistical models to pass quantitative judgments about data and make predictions Learn what to do when things go wrong while writing data analysis code
The first English language general history of the Great Seljuk Empire outlines its chronological history and will explores its religious and institutional history.
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List of members in each volume.