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One of the most extraordinary characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is its capacity to remain within the host's tissues for a long period of time. There is an enormous reservoir of persons latently infected with tuberculosis (LTBI) estimated at about a third of the world's population. From this reservoir arise about 10 million new cases of active TB and more than two million deaths occur annually. Current Diagnosis of Infant Tuberculosis Infection covers problems concerning the diagnosis of LTBI, giving an overview of commercially available options and, unlike most reviews on.
Macrophages are the sentinels of the immune system whose role has evolved beyond providing aseptic conditions to homeostasis, immune regulation, development, and behaviour. These cells have varied ontogenetic origins which reflects in their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Macrophage functions are fine-tuned by exogenous and endogenous signals and once tweaked, the information is included in their genetic makeup, albeit not indefinitely. Subversion of the macrophage functions is the hallmark of many pathogenic organisms and modulation of macrophage activity is pivotal to many therapeutic strategies. Fascinating and rapid developments in this field have necessitated the maintenance of...
Leprosy is one of the oldest recorded debilitating diseases affecting mankind, the immunopathology of which is characterized by fluctuating granulomatous inflammation that targets mainly skin and peripheral nerve. The disease is caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae, a slow growing obligatory intracellular and non-cultivatable organism. The disease is manifested with diverse pathology due to varied immune (both innate and adaptive) responses of the hosts as a result of cognate interaction with the organism. Of note, leprosy can be regarded as a unique model to elucidate the complexity of host immunity at both skin and systemic levels.
Trillions of commensal microbes reside on and inside the human body, including the intestinal and respiratory tracts, which encompass various microbial taxa, such as bacteria, fungi, archea and viruses. The close proximity of microbes with the host provides an opportunity to continually interact with each other. Advances in research approaches, including high-throughput sequencing, have allowed us to study host and commensal microbes at the genetic and functional levels. Recent studies suggest that commensal microbes play a crucial role in the development of the host’s immune system and induce innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens. It is also becoming apparent that the gut...