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The monograph contains information on the construction, maintenance, and characteristics of standard cells.The effects of temperature, pressure, electric current, light, shock, and vibration on standard cells are discussed.A history of the realization and maintenance of the unit of electromotive force is also included.A record of international comparisons of the unit of electromotive force is presented as well as information on the constancy of the National Reference Group of Standard Cells.(Author).
A survey and discussion of well-known microwave impedance measurement techniques is presented.The discussion includes an introduction which emphasizes basic concepts and reflection coefficient-VSWR relationships.Sources of error in the various measurement techniques are discussed and methods to reduce errors are presented.The discussion of errors in slotted line and reflectometer * techniques is most thorough.Methods using rotating loops and resonance lines are included and a brief discussion of microwave impedance standards is given. (Author).
Modern Placement Techniques explains physical design and VLSI/CAD placement to the professional engineer and engineering student. Along with explaining the problems that are associated with placement, the book gives an overview of existing placement algorithms, techniques and methodologies. Modern Placement Techniques emphasizes recent advances in addressing the placement problem, including congestion-driven, timing driven, mixed macro-cell and standard cell placement. The book presents the Dragon placement tool, with detailed algorithm descriptions for wire length, congestion and timing optimization. Placement benchmarks and results produced by Dragon are explained in detail.