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The Shadow Economy
Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. This second edition uses new data to reassess currency demand and the model approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy in 151 developing, transition, and OECD countries. This updated edition argues that during the 2000s the average size of the shadow economy varied from 19 per cent of GDP for OECD countries, to 30 per cent for transition countries, to 45 per cent for developing countries. It examines the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach to explain deviant behaviour that combines findings from economic, sociological, and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation and social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities, and the decline of the tax morale are all driving forces behind this growth, and they propose a reform of state public institutions in order to improve the dynamics of the official economy.
Nursing Theories
"This book is written for advanced nursing students. The second edition of Nursing theories explores the conceptual and philosophical foundations of selected major nursing theories. The book is not a survey or evaluation of nursing theories, but is designed to assist students in understanding the core philosophical concepts behind nursing theories and how they can be applied to current nursing practice. New to this second edition: Essays warranted by developments in the science and research of nursing. Three chapters addressing: pragmatism, evidence-based nursing, biography. Newly authored chapters on systems and transcultural thoughts reflecting current thinking and new directions. Completely rewritten chapters on interaction and self-care to incorporate current debates"--Provided by the publisher.
Service Level Management in Cloud Computing
Melanie Holloway explores a cloud broker offering service level agreement negotiation and monitoring as a service to consumers. She proposes a negotiation mechanism, which enables the achievement of economically efficient agreements, and an approach for reliable consumer side availability monitoring in conjunction with strategies for robust monitor placement. The author addresses the loss of control of consumers over critical aspects, specifically quality of service, when using services from the cloud.Basically, the cloud computing paradigm places the responsibility for resource management on the provider side. Hence, the control over cloud service performance is very limited on the consumer side.
Sensory and Metabolic Control of Energy Balance
During the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased in western and westernized societies. Its devastating health consequences include hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes and make obesity the second leading cause of unnecessary deaths in the USA. As a consequence, obesity has a strong negative impact on the public health care systems. Recently emerging scienti?c insight has helped understanding obesity as a complex chronic disease with multiple causes. A multileveled gene–environment interaction appears to involve a substantial number of susceptibility genes, as well as associations with low physical activity levels and intake of high-calorie, lo...
Theorie und Praxis der Besteuerung
Das Buch richtet sich an Studierende mittlerer und höherer Semester. Es kann als Studientext für fmanzwissenschaftliche Seminare oder Studien projekte verwendet werden, setzt aber Grundkenntnisse in allgemeiner V olkswirtschaftslehre und in der Finanzwissenschaft voraus. Auf die einschlägigen Texte ist in den Literaturnachweisen am Ende der einzelnen Abschnitte hingewiesen. Dieses Studienbuch unterscheidet sich inhaltlich in mehrfacher Hin sicht von den umlaufenden Lehrbüchern. Im ersten Teil wird die Existenz der Steuer begründet. Warum zahlen die Bürger eines Landes an den Staat Steuern? Oder, warum existiert ein Steuerstaat? Dies sind durchaus keine banalen Fragen. Der Steuerstaat i...
The Shadow Economy in Britain and Germany
The shadow economy can never be precisely measured. Incomes which people hide from the taxman may also escape the notice of statisticians and researchers. By looking at the shadow sector in Britain and Germany the authors have attempted to understand its size and implications.
