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The Purpose of the First World War
Nearly fourteen million people died during the First World War. But why, and for what reason? Already many contemporaries saw the Great War as a "pointless carnage" (Pope Benedict XV, 1917). Was there a point, at least in the eyes of the political and military decision makers? How did they justify the losses, and why did they not try to end the war earlier? In this volume twelve international specialists analyses and compares the hopes and expectations of the political and military leaders of the main belligerent countries and of their respective societies. It shows that the war aims adopted during the First World War were not, for the most part, the cause of the conflict, but a reaction to it, an attempt to give the tragedy a purpose - even if the consequence was to oblige the belligerents to go on fighting until victory. The volume tries to explain why - and for what - the contemporaries thought that they had to fight the Great War.
The Erotics of War in German Romanticism
In The Erotics of War in German Romanticism, Patricia Anne Simpson explores the ways early nineteenth-century German philosophers, poets, and artists represent war and erotic desire. The author argues that gender is connected to a larger debate about the construction of the self in relation to a community at a time that this definition is under revision. She analyzes the culture of war as it shapes the bonds of fraternal, familial, and eventually national identity. Simpson defines the erotics of war as discursive attempts to assert the priority of ethical identity and citizenship over individualized desire. The seemingly ancillary problem of female desire emerges not as a marginal issue, but as the focal point of a debate about identity.
Decades of Reconstruction
International scholars review decades of postwar reconstruction in international comparison from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, demonstrating how foreign domestic policy cannot be separated.
Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, and National Culture
The essays assembled in this volume grew out of a conference held at Cornell University in November 2001. The goal of the conference was to examine the claim that the city-state of Hamburg had a unique status in the cultural landscape of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Germany, a status based upon the city's republican political constitution. Hamburg's independence and its tolerant and cosmopolitan political traditions made it a focal point for progressive cultural developments during the period of the Enlightenment and after. The contributions collected here transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries by giving equal attention to literature, music, and theater, as well as to architecture and city planning. Key essays address the role that figures as diverse as C.P.E. Bach, Lessing, Klopstock, Heine, Brahms, and Thomas Mann played in shaping Hamburg's exceptional quality as a center of culture. This volume will be of interest not only to scholars doing research on Hamburg, but also to anyone with an interest in the cultural history of eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth-century Germany.
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 2, Fighting the Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars saw almost two decades of brutal fighting. Fighting took place on an unprecedented scale, from the frozen wastelands of Russia to the rugged mountains of the Peninsula; from Egypt's Lower Nile to the bloody battlefield of New Orleans. Volume II of The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars provides a comprehensive guide to the Napoleonic Wars and weaves together the four strands – military, naval, economic, and diplomatic - that intertwined to make up one of the greatest conflicts in history. Written by a team of the leading Napoleonic scholars, this volume provides an authoritative and comprehensive analysis of why the nations went to war, the challenges they faced and how the wars were funded and sustained. It sheds new light not only on the key battles and campaigns but also on questions of leadership, strategy, tactics, guerrilla warfare, recruitment, supply, and weaponry.
Place and Politics: Local Identity, Civic Culture, and German Nationalism in North Germany during the Revolutionary Era
This study examines North Germany during the transformative era of the French Revolution, Napoleonic occupation, and Wars of Liberation; it reveals international exploitation, military occupation, economic destruction of the city-state Hamburg as well as the republic’s liberation and post-Napoleonic autonomy. Examining shifts within local culture and the role of public opinion on civic morality, this book underscores the relationship between the civic ethics, public language, and collective memory in the construction of political identity and concludes that the transformation in values at the local level ultimately provides the crucial direction in the process of modern nation-building. Throughout the 1800s, the public commemoration and memory of occupation and liberation, rather than the actual Napoleonic experience, shaped the development of German nationalism.
Clausewitz and the State
Originally published in 1976, Clausewitz and the State presents a comprehensive analysis of one of the significant thinkers of modern Europe. Peter Paret combines social and military history and psychological interpretation with a study of Clausewitz's military theories and of his unduly neglected historical and political writing. This timely new edition includes a preface which allows Paret to recount the past thirty years of discussion on Clausewitz and respond to critics. A companion volume to Clausewitz's On War, this book is indispensable to anyone interested in Clausewitz and his theories, and their proper historical context.
Private und dienstliche Schriften: Stabschef und Reformer (Kurhannover 1795-1801)
Der Name des preussischen Heeresreformers Gerhard von Scharnhorst (1755-1813) ist fest mit der Einfuhrung der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht verbunden. Er stand damit am Anfang einer Epoche, deren mogliches Ende zu den vieldiskutierten politischen Themen der Gegenwart gehort. Scharnhorsts Konzepte reichten aber weiter und umfassten unter anderem die Neugestaltung der Offiziersausbildung, die Uberwindung der Adelsprivilegien im Offizierskorps und die Professionalisierung des Generalstabes. In der Konfrontation mit dem revolutionaren Frankreich verfolgte er im Einklang mit den Stein-Hardenbergschen Reformen und gegen viele Widerstande das Ziel, ein traditionelles System zu modernisieren. Die auf funf Bande angelegte Edition will erstmals den gesamten handschriftlichen Nachlass Scharnhorsts einer breiten Offentlichkeit zuganglich machen. Der erste Band umfasst die in der Forschung vernachlassigte Zeit bis zu seinem Eintritt in preussische Dienste 1801. Er dokumentiert vor allem die fruhe Grundlegung seines Bildungskonzepts und seine einschneidenden Erfahrungen im ersten Koalitionskrieg gegen Frankreich, die ihn zu einer Revision der militarischen Tradition fuhrten.
