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Assessing Recent Climate Policy Initiatives in the
The Netherlands has committed to the EU’s ambitious targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and emissions neutrality in 2050 but at the same time is also vulnerable to sea-level rise and flood risks. This paper reviews recent mitigation policy initiatives in the Netherlands, including carbon levies for the industry and power sectors, energy and car tax reforms, and air passenger taxes, and recommends some modifications to these initiatives. The paper also provides assessments of hazards and macroeconomic risks from weather shocks and climate change and assesses the adaption plan against key principles on mainstream climate change into macro-fiscal planning.
United Kingdom
This Technical Report discusses the results of the Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) of the United Kingdom (UK) undertaken in April 2022. The assessment is timely as the UK plans to increase infrastructure investment in order to boost economic growth, reduce regional disparities and help achieve the climate transition. The PIMA finds that the UK is well positioned to implement the planned ramp-up of public investment given it has robust institutions throughout the public investment cycle. Notwithstanding this, the Report suggests areas for reform that could increase efficiency and unlock greater value from public investment. The application of the Climate-PIMA module is covered in a separate companion report.
Climate-Sensitive Management of Public Finances—"Green PFM”
Public financial management (PFM) consists of all the government’s institutional arrangements in place to facilitate the implementation of fiscal policies. In response to the growing urgency to fight climate change, “green PFM” aims at adapting existing PFM practices to support climate-sensitive policies. With the cross-cutting nature of climate change and wider environmental concerns, green PFM can be a key enabler of an integrated government strategy to combat climate change. This note outlines a framework for green PFM, emphasizing the need for an approach combining various entry points within, across, and beyond the budget cycle. This includes components such as fiscal transparency and external oversight, and coordination with state-owned enterprises and subnational governments. The note also identifies principles for effective implementation of a green PFM strategy, among which the need for a strong stewardship located within the ministry of finance is paramount.
Accounting for Climate Risks in Costing the Sustainable Development Goals
This paper evaluates the additional spending needed to meet core targets of selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) while accounting for the associated cost to address climate risks. The SDGs under study are those related to human and physical capital development. An additional 3.8 percent of global GDP, or US$3.4 trillion, of public and private spending will be required by 2030 to achieve a strong performance in the selected SDGs while addressing associated climate risks. This includes an increase of 0.4 percent of global GDP (US$358 billion) compared to estimates that do not account for mitigation and adaptation needs within these sectors. LIDCs and SSA experience the highest climate-related cost augmentation relative to GDP, while EMEs (driven by large Asian emerging economies) bear the largest cost in absolute terms.
Ukraine
This program review is taking place as Ukraine approaches a critical juncture. Conditions of exceptionally high uncertainty remain as Russia’s war in Ukraine continues. Amid continuing attacks on energy infrastructure, comprehensive efforts to prepare for the ongoing winter, including the heating season, are underway. The social, humanitarian, and economic costs remain staggering and have only risen further. Abroad, political transitions or election cycles in key partners for Ukraine may trigger renewed efforts to end the war, as well as changes in the degree or modalities of international support, adding to the uncertainty around the outlook. Despite the risks and challenges, recent developments support completion of the review. First, the authorities have steadfastly implemented reforms despite the war, including enacting a tax package supporting the restoration of fiscal and debt sustainability. Second, the G7 has agreed on the US$50 billion Extraordinary Revenue Acceleration Loans for Ukraine (ERA) Initiative, and is finalizing its modalities, fulfilling an essential component of the program’s financing.
Ukraine
Russia’s war in Ukraine continues to bring a rising economic, social, and humanitarian toll. The attacks on the energy infrastructure have inflicted severe economic damage and losses, and the outlook remains highly uncertain. The war is expected to continue through the coming year, generating expenditure pressures and opening additional financing needs. In addition to the longer war, several other recent developments carry important implications for the IMF-supported program: first, a package of tax measures awaits adoption by Parliament, after which the authorities must continue to build on this effort with further broad-based measures to support fiscal sustainability; second, the successful Eurobond exchange in August is a major achievement toward restoring debt sustainability and securing debt relief amid pressing expenditure needs; and finally, the G7’s assurance to provide US$50 billion of stable, multi-year financing to Ukraine through Extraordinary Revenue Acceleration Loans for Ukraine (ERA) initiative is critical for meeting the now larger financing needs.
Strengthening Infrastructure Governance for Climate-Responsive Public Investment
Countries have committed, through the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to pursue climate targets and policies that would limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. A shift toward green public investment will help to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, substantial public investment will be necessary to build public infrastructure that makes economies more resilient to climate change and related natural disasters. Climate change mitigation and adaptation challenges thus compound preexisting needs for public investment to foster the economic recovery from the pandemic and to meet the SDGs in a ...
Arab Republic of Egypt
This report finds that Egypt has implemented important improvements in climate-aware planning and coordination across the public sector, and some initial steps to reflect climate change issues in appraisal and selection of investment projects, but that significant work remains. So far there has been limited progress in ensuring that budgeting, portfolio management and fiscal risk management is climate sensitive. In addition, many of the weaknesses in the overall framework for public investment described in a separate report, also undermine the capacities for climate-sensitive public investment management. The mission makes three main recommendations to address current weaknesses and further improve the climate change awareness of public investment management: 1) Integrate national climate strategies and objectives for both climate change adaptation and mitigation in national, sectoral, construction and spatial planning processes; 2) Reflect climate change considerations in project selection, budgeting, and portfolio management decisions; 3) Strengthen management of climate-related fiscal risks.
Uganda
Uganda has committed to an ambitious climate change mitigation and adaption agenda. To achieve this, the country has developed a sound framework to enhance climate change sensitivity across public financial and public investment management. The framework clearly allocates responsibilities, enhances coordination, and requires the identification of climate expenses in the budget documentation. However, gaps remain in some key regulations, primarily on project appraisal, and some initiatives are in early stages of implementation and need further guidance and training. The Climate Public Investment Management Assessment proposes reforms across multiple areas, underscoring as priority areas project appraisal and selection, and budgeting and portfolio management.
Kingdom of the Netherlands–the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands–the Netherlands: Selected Issues
