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A half century after its founding in London in 1844, the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) became the first NGO to effectively push a modernization agenda around the globe. Soon followed by a sister organization, the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), founded in 1855, the Y movement defined its global mission in 1889. Although their agendas have been characterized as predominantly religious, both the YMCA and YWCA were also known for their new vision of a global civil society and became major agents in the worldwide dissemination of modern “Western” bodies of knowledge. The YMCA’s and YWCA’s “secular” social work was partly rooted in the Anglo-American notions...
Vintondale, located in Cambria County, holds a unique position in history. It was a coal-mining town with a notorious reputation based on an antiunion legacy that lasted until the New Deal. Warren Delano, maternal uncle of Pres. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was the founder and owner of the company town. Through vintage photographs, Vintondale traces the areas history from when the first coal was shipped in 1894 until the No. 6 mine was closed in 1968. It includes such Vintondale claims to fame as the first long-wall mining operation, lawsuits by the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union in the 1920s, a 1940 Chapter 13 bankruptcy and reorganization, and a homegrown terrorist called Friend of a Friend. Today the sleepy borough belies its past as the center of the bustling Ghost Town Trail and as a recreation area.
Constraint and Integer Programming presents some of the basic ideas of constraint programming and mathematical programming, explores approaches to integration, brings us up to date on heuristic methods, and attempts to discern future directions in this fast-moving field.