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Danger Signals Triggering Immune Response and Inflammation
The immune system detects "danger" through a series of what we call pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), working in concert with both positive and negative signals derived from other tissues. PAMPs are molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors. A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including glycans and glycoconjugates. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), endotoxins found on the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are considered ...
Recent Advances in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Toward Their Use in Clinical Translation
Since endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were first described in 1997, there has been significant debate surrounding their definition and roles; but also agreement in their potential to develop as biomarkers and cytotherapies. EPCs participate in vascular repair and postnatal angiogenesis by differentiating into endothelial cells or by producing pro–angiogenic growth factors. Various subtypes of EPCs have been studied, such as CD34+VEGFR2+ blood circulating cells, cultured endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), and myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs). EPCs have therapeutic potential for revascularisation and vascular repair in ischemic diseases such as myocardial infarction and diabetic vascular complications. In this eBook, we compile evidence to enable their translation including strategies to enhance the number, homing ability to the injury site and function of EPCs.
