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Cell Signaling in Host–Pathogen Interactions: The Host Point of View
The ability of pathogens, such as parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses to invade, persist and adapt in both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts is multifactorial and depends on both pathogen and host fitness. Communication between a pathogen and its host relies on a wide and dynamic array of molecular interactions. Through this constant communication most pathogens evolved to be relatively benign, whereas killing of its host by a pathogen represents a failure to adapt. Pathogens are lethal to their host when their interaction has not been long enough for adaptation. Evolution has selected conserved immune receptors that recognize signature patterns of pathogens as non-self elements and initi...
Spirochetes and Immune Evasion: Infection, Persistence and Clearance
The interface between spirochetes and the immune response is of significant importance to their pathogenesis and persistence. Evasion from the immune system leads to infections that present as Leptospirosis, Syphilis, Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever and may lead to putative persistence and latency. Understanding the mechanisms involved in immune evasion will shed light not only on the hostpathogen factors involved in the process but also on how resistance to infection leads to protection. Broad examples include spirochetal interaction with the immune system, spirochetal molecules involved in immune evasion and in immune activation, innate immune responses in the skin and other compartments,...
Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis
This book discusses recent developments in several laboratories studying leishmaniasis. Sequencing of the human genome, as well as of the leishmania genome, has led to significant advances in our understanding of host-immune responses against leishmania, and mechanisms of infection-induced pathology, which is responsible for morbidity and mortality. Pathogenesis of Leishmaniasis focuses on the latest basic research into leishmaniasis, but also addresses how advances in understanding can be applied to prevention, control and treatment of what the WHO has classified a neglected tropical disease.
Beat the Devils
About the Book Beat the Devils is a memoir of the life of John R. David, which includes his research, discovering one of the first cytokines MIF (Migration Inhibitory Factor), a proinflammatory cytokine critical in autoimmunity and sepsis. John also worked on parasites affecting humans with new diagnostics and treatments. Read Beat the Devils and learn about John and his wife of 62 years, Roberta, working together; Lisa, his daughter, COO of Planned Parenthood and now CEO of Public Health Solutions; Joshua, his son, who started the High Line in NYC; John’s director father, who married Deana Durbin; how John sent 200,000 condoms twice to prevent HIV/AIDS at the Carnival in Salvador, Brazil;...
Regulation of Immunity to Parasitic Infections Endemic to Africa
We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS has had no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that all aspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policy or opinion of the IUIS.
Reassessing Twenty Years of Vaccine Development Against Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the prime bacterial infection worldwide with 10.4 million infections and a death toll of 1.7 million people in 2016 according to WHO statistics. Tuberculosis is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, facultative intracellular bacteria able to thrive within otherwise potent innate defense cells, the macrophages. In a world of increasing numbers of infections with drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains, the daunting race between developing new therapeutics and emerging resistant strains will hardly produce a winner. This cycle can only be broken by enhancing population wide immune control through a better vaccine as the only one currently in use,...
Immunity to Malaria and Vaccine Strategies
Malaria, caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, is a highly prevalent and lethal infectious disease, responsible for 435,000 deaths in 2017. Optimism that malaria was gradually being controlled and eliminated has been tempered by recent evidence that malaria control measures are beginning to stall and that Plasmodium parasites are developing resistance to front-line anti-malarial drugs. An important milestone has been the recent development of a malaria vaccine (Mosquirix) for use in humans, the very first against a parasitic infection. Unfortunately, this vaccine has modest and short-lived efficacy, with vaccinated individuals possibly being at incre...
Immune evasion strategies in protozoan-host interactions
The protozoa are the most ancient members of the animal kingdom and they have evolved the intracellular parasitism to ensure their survival strategies. Protozoan parasites that infect humans are extremely diverse among eukaryotes. They are responsible for many human diseases such as amebiasis, Chagas disease, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness. The ability of protozoans to cause disease depends on the nature and number of infecting organisms, the route of infection, the virulence factors associated with the microorganism, and the strength of host defenses. This host-parasite interaction is also subject to constant change as the infection proceeds and can lead...
