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Plasticity and Metabolic Switching in Adipose Tissue Macrophages
Macrophages are the most common immune cells present in adipose tissues. These adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) have an important role in regulating homeostasis and contributing to the metabolically harmful chronic inflammation seen in some obese individuals. Macrophages are cells exhibiting plasticity, that is to alter their polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, in response to stimuli in their microenvironments. There has been a deal of evidence supporting the heterogeneity of these ATM populations, however, research into their differential functionality, developmental origin, and phenotype warrants further research to reach a consensus. Further questions remain regar...
Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue
Angiogenesis has recently played a critical role in regulation of adipose tissue expansion and regression. Like most other tissues in the body, adipose expansion and regression is accompanied by alteration of blood vessel density and structures. The vascular alteration plays an active role in regulation of adipose tissue size and functions. Targeting blood vessels in the adipose tissue have demonstrated to be a novel approach for possibly treatment of cancer, obesity and other metabolic diseases. This book provides the most updated information on this type research and discusses future opportunities for therapy..
Adipose Tissue and Inflammation
The American Obesity Association identifies obesity's link to numerous medical conditions, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, several cancers, and a host of inflammatory disorders. Evidence indicates that inflammation has more than a corollary relation with obesity; that in fact, obesity itself manifests a low-grade, m
Physiology and Physiopathology of Adipose Tissue
The scientific advances in the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissue over the last two decades have been considerable. Today, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of adipogenesis are well known. In addition, adipose tissue is now recognized as a real endocrine organ that produces hormones such as the leptin acting to regulate food intake and energy balance in the central nervous system, a finding that has completely revolutionized the paradigm of energy homeostasis. Other adipokines have now been described and these molecules are taking on increasing importance in physiology and pathophysiology. Moreover, numerous works have shown that in obesity, but also in cases of lipodystoph...
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue: Formation, Function, and Impact on Health and Disease
Adipocytes are a major component of the bone marrow, accounting for up to 70% of total bone marrow volume in healthy humans. Indeed, this bone marrow adipose tissue (often referred to as ‘MAT’ or ‘BMAT’) accounts for at least 5% of total adipose tissue mass in lean, healthy humans, suggesting a role in normal physiology and development. Bone marrow adiposity further increases with ageing and in diverse clinical conditions, including major public health challenges such as osteoporosis. Yet despite this abundance and compelling clinical potential, bone marrow adipocytes have received surprisingly little attention from the biomedical research community. Thankfully, this is now beginning...
Brown Adipose Tissue
The main focus of this book is on brown adipose tissue and its metabolic function. The book provides a timely update on the latest research and shows where the field is heading. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy and has received considerable attention in the last few years, having been re-discovered in adult humans in 2007/9. Moreover, BAT might offer a target for novel therapies to address obesity, a health condition that has reached pandemic dimensions.
Bone Toxicology
The content of this book is intended to provide the toxicologist in drug development in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries with a broad understanding of bone and its interactions with other organ systems in safety assessments. The book is divided into three parts. The first part describes our current understanding of bone biology and its primary regulatory pathways. Additional chapters address regulatory and study design considerations for incorporating bone end points in toxicology studies, with special consideration being given to juvenile toxicology studies. This is intended to address recent regulatory requirements to evaluate skeletal development for drugs in development fo...
The ESC Textbook of Vascular Biology
The ESC Textbook of Vascular Biology is a rich and clearly laid-out guide by leading European scientists providing comprehensive information on vascular physiology, disease, and research.
