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"This report presents a recommended procedure for evaluating air-entraining admixtures used in highway concrete. The procedure involves the testing of non-air-entrained concrete and concrete containing the air-entraining admixture under simulated field conditions. Criteria are proposed for acceptance of admixtures for use in either highway pavements or structures. The recommended procedure and acceptance criteria will guide materials engineers in evaluating and selecting air-entraining admixtures that should contribute to appropriate freeze-thaw durability and thus to good performance and long service life. The content of the report will be of immediate interest to materials engineers, researchers, and others concerned with the design of concrete mixtures for use in highway pavements and structures."--taken from Foreword, page [v].
Portland Cement Association reference, dealing with fundamentals, cold weather concreting, curing, admixtures, aggregates, mixing, and much more.
An admixture is any material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement that is used as an ingredient of a concrete or mortar mixture and added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. 4 types of admixtures are discussed: (1) accelerators, the most common of which is calcium chloride; (2) air-entraining, to protect the concrete against the damage it may suffer if the paste becomes saturated with water and then freezes; (3) retarders and water reducers, which extend setting time 30 to 50 percent to compensate for placement temperatures, to avoid cold joints, or to avoid undesirable effects of displacements and deflections; and (4) pozzolans, which react with hydroxides to form compounds with cementitious properties, and usually produce a lower cost concrete.
Based on the Institute of Concrete Technology's Advanced Concrete Technology Course, these four volumes are a comprehensive educational and reference resource for the concrete materials technologist. An expert international team of authors from research, academia and industry has been brought together to produce this unique series. Each volume deals with a different aspect of the subject: constituent materials, properties, processes and testing and quality. With worked examples, case studies and illustrations throughout, the books will be a key reference for the concrete specialist for years to come. - Expert international authorship ensures the series is authoritative - Case studies and worked examples help the reader apply their knowledge to practice - Comprehensive coverage of the subject gives the reader all the necessary reference material