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Coronaviruses are zoonoses viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family of the Nidovirales order. Coronaviruses contain 4 genera: α, β, γ and δ. Among these, Alpha and Beta coronaviruses pose a major health threat to humans and other mammals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) epidemic led to 8,000 people infected with a fatality of ~10% in 2002 and 2003. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected more than 1,700 people, with a higher death rate of up to 35% since 2012. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic ravaged the globe from the end of 2019 till now, causing catastrophic health consequences. M...
The ‘novel coronavirus disease’ (COVID-19) has caused significant global morbidity, mortality and economic damage on a scale similar to the influenza pandemic of 1918. The causative ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2’ (SARS-CoV-2) is a RNA virus which is evolving rapidly, accumulating mutations, and existing as a cloud of variants with quasispecies diversity. We have tens of thousands of variants, of which currently two are ‘variants of interest’ (Lambda, Mu) and another four ‘variants of concern’ (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron) to the World Health Organization (WHO). Variants of interest often emerge as variants under investigation in one or more countries, as s...