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Space missions subject human beings or any other target of a spacecraft to a radiation environment of an intensity and composition not available on earth. Whereas for missions in low earth orbit (LEO), such as those using the Space Shuttle or Space Station scenario, radiation exposure guidelines have been developed and have been adopted by spacefaring agencies, for exploratory class missions that will take the space travellers outside the protective confines of the geomagnetic field sufficient guidelines for radiation protection are still outstanding. For a piloted Mars mission, the whole concept of radiation protection needs to be reconsidered. Since there is an increasing interest of many ...
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Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were launched in 1977. Since then they have traveled farther than any human object. Voyager 1 is now over 10 billion miles from the sun and is headed to the utmost boundary of our solar system. This book, originally published under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, tells the story of their journey through the solar system and beyond. The authors' unparalleled access to NASA archives and imagery make this authoritative work on the subject. The book includes an 8 pages of photographs and computer generated imagery and black and white photos throughout.
Scientific, unmanned spacecraft on missions to Jupiter and beyond will be subjected to nuclear radiation from the natural environment and onboard nuclear power sources which may be harmful to subsystems. This report postulates these environments and discusses practical considerations to ensure confidence that the spacecraft's materials and subsystems will withstand the effects of anticipated radiation. Degradation mechanisms are discussed.
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The purpose of the workshop was to define requirements for the development and evaluation of high performance shield materials and designs and to develop ideas regarding approaches to radiation shielding.