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Water resources management in Afghanistan: The issues and options
This report presents the analysis of current status of water resources management in Afghanistan and identify steps for maximizing the use ofavailable water resources to enhance crop productivity and environmental sustainability.
Sustaining surface and groundwater resources: proceedings of the International Workshop on Conjunctive Water Management for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture in South Asia, Lahore, Pakistan, April 16-17 2002
Institutional development / Farm income / Water scarcity / GIS / Remote sensing / Salinity control / Pumping / Rain / Water quality / Supplementary irrigation / Environmental sustainability / Sustainable agriculture / Water table / Water balance / Water requirements / Crop production / Models / Groundwater / Surface water / Conjunctive use / Water resource management
A review of management strategies for salt-prone land and water resources in Iran
Approximately half of the irrigated area of Iran falls under different types of salt-affected soils and average yield losses may be as high as 50 percent. Slightly and moderately salt-affected soils are mostly found on the piedmonts at the foot of the Elburz (Alborz) Mountains in the northern part of the country. The soils having severe to extreme salinity are predominantly located in the Central Plateau, the Khuzestan and Southern Coastal Plains and the Caspian Coastal Plain. The process of salinization of the surface water resources is mainly due to natural conditions, and to a lesser extent, to the discharge of drainage water into the river systems. Estimates show that about 6.7 km3 of brackish water flow annually through 12 major rivers. There is no straightforward solution to the complex problems of salt-induced soil and water resources degradation in Iran. The approaches addressing the management of these resources need to be multidimensional and must take into account biophysical and environmental conditions of the target areas as well as livelihood aspects of the associated communities.
A Proposed Framework for Irrigation Management Transfer in Iran
Iran is facing a serious water scarcity and the Government of Iran is trying to implement technical and institutional measures to meet the challenge. One of the key strategies being persuaded by the Iranian authorities is the devolution of management responsibility to users. Thus, irrigation management transfer (IMT) has been adopted as a key strategy to improve the operation and maintenance, and thereby reduce losses, and enhance the sustainability of irrigation infrastructure. However, IMT efforts are at an inception stage and are largely happening in areas where infrastructure is under rehabilitation. The key objective of this paper, thus, was to review the ongoing IMT efforts in the two ...
Strategies for the Management of Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Groundwater Resources in Semi-arid Areas
Due to inadequate rainfall, groundwater has acquired a vital role in the development of Pakistan's agricultural economy. However, a lack of awareness concerning the use of groundwater, either by itself or combined with canal water, has added large amounts of salt to the soil. As a result, large tracts of irrigated lands are already salinized, while many others are under threat. This report presents the results of a modeling study carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of a different quality of irrigation water on root zone salinity. The simulations were performed for the Rechna Doab (sub basin of the Indus Basin) in Pakistan, by using 15 years of actual rainfall and climatic data.
The Groundwater Economy of Pakistan
This working paper presents the results of a comprehensive groundwater survey of Pakistan, designed to understand the dynamics of groundwater use, operation and maintenance patterns, socio-economics of groundwater irrigation, land use pattern, crops, yields, and groundwater irrigation practices. For this survey, Pakistan was divided into 83 nodal intervals, with each node covering an area of 100 km*100 km; and one village from center of each grid was selected as sample. From each sample village, 15 tubewell owners were randomly selected as respondents. In total, 1200 private tubewell owners were interviewed for this study. The distance between two sample villages was kept more than 40 kilometers. This was done to avoid influences of one-village activities on the other.
Analysis of drought-coping strategies in Baluchistan and Sindh provinces of Pakistan
This paper present the results of a comprehensive drought survey in Sindh and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan, designed to understand the impacts of droughts on the livelihood systems and personal security of the population at the household and village level. It also reviews the role of government agencies and NGOs in providing relief to the drought-affected areas.
Conjunctive Water Management in the Rechna Doab
This report is a review of the conjunctive water use of surface water and groundwater within the Rechna Doab. The Rechna Doab is located in the Punjab province and has an area of 2.98 million hectares (Figure 1). The cultivated area in the Rechna Doab is regarded as the granary of the Punjab province and comprises eight districts, namely, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Faisalabad, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang, Narowal and Hafizabad. The area consists of two distinct agroclimatic zones, i.e. the Punjab Rice-Wheat (PRW) zone and the Punjab Sugarcane-Wheat (PSW) zone (WAPDA, 1979). Irrigated agriculture started in the Rechna Doab in 1892 via Lower Chenab Canal. The irrigation system in the Rechna Doab consists of 504 km of branch canals, 240 km of main canals and 373 km of link canals, and about 0.2 million tubewells are installed in the freshwater areas. This report is prepared to provide an overview of land and water resources available in the Rechna Doab and the institutional issues that need to be addressed for effective conjunctive water management in the Rechna Doab.
Agricultural extension in Central Asia: existing strategies and future needs
Agriculture is at the forefront of the development objectives of the republics of Central Asia (CA). Since independence in 1991, these countries have undergone transitions from being centrally planned economies to market-oriented systems, which did not include the creation of agricultural extension systems. This paper provides information on the current status of the agricultural extension systems in CA with special reference to Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. We reviewed the existing extension strategies, donor- and state-driven initiatives to revitalize the agricultural extension systems, informal linkages that nongovernmental organizations play in helping a limited number of farmer...
