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Metaphor
The literary imagination may take flight on the wings of metaphor, but hard-headed scientists are just as likely as doe-eyed poets to reach for a metaphor when the descriptive need arises. Metaphor is a pervasive aspect of every genre of text and every register of speech, and is as useful for describing the inner workings of a "black hole" (itself a metaphor) as it is the affairs of the human heart. The ubiquity of metaphor in natural language thus poses a significant challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems and their builders, who cannot afford to wait until the problems of literal language have been solved before turning their attention to figurative phenomena. This book off...
Metaphor
The literary imagination may take flight on the wings of metaphor, but hard-headed scientists are just as likely as doe-eyed poets to reach for a metaphor when the descriptive need arises. Metaphor is a pervasive aspect of every genre of text and every register of speech, and is as useful for describing the inner workings of a "black hole" (itself a metaphor) as it is the affairs of the human heart. The ubiquity of metaphor in natural language thus poses a significant challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems and their builders, who cannot afford to wait until the problems of literal language have been solved before turning their attention to figurative phenomena. This book off...
Statistical Methods for Annotation Analysis
Labelling data is one of the most fundamental activities in science, and has underpinned practice, particularly in medicine, for decades, as well as research in corpus linguistics since at least the development of the Brown corpus. With the shift towards Machine Learning in Artificial Intelligence (AI), the creation of datasets to be used for training and evaluating AI systems, also known in AI as corpora, has become a central activity in the field as well. Early AI datasets were created on an ad-hoc basis to tackle specific problems. As larger and more reusable datasets were created, requiring greater investment, the need for a more systematic approach to dataset creation arose to ensure in...
Genre in Language, Discourse and Cognition
The study of genre is scattered across research disciplines. This volume offers an integrative perspective starting from the assumption that genres are cognitive constructs, recognized, maintained and employed by members of a given discourse community. Its central questions are: What does genre knowledge consist of? How is it organized in cognition? How is it applied in discourse production and interpretation? How is it reflected in language use?
Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing
This two-volume set, consisting of LNCS 7181 and LNCS 7182, constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Linguistics and Intelligent Processing, held in New Delhi, India, in March 2012. The total of 92 full papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the proceedings. The contents have been ordered according to the following topical sections: NLP system architecture; lexical resources; morphology and syntax; word sense disambiguation and named entity recognition; semantics and discourse; sentiment analysis, opinion mining, and emotions; natural language generation; machine translation and multilingualism; text categorization and clustering; information extraction and text mining; information retrieval and question answering; document summarization; and applications.
On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2004: CoopIS, DOA, and ODBASE
This two-volume set LNCS 3290/3291 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the three confederated conferences CoopIS 2004, DOA 2004, and ODBASE 2004 held as OTM 2004 in Agia Napa, Cyprus in October 2004. The 94 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 380 submissions. In accordance with the three OTM 2004 main conferences CoopIS, DOA, and ODBASE, the papers are devoted to interoperability, workflow, and cooperation; distributed objects, infrastructure and enabling technology, and Internet computing; and data and Web semantics.
Corpora and Rhetorically Informed Text Analysis
Corpora and Rhetorically Informed Text Analysis explores applications of rhetorically informed approaches to corpus research. Bringing together contributions from scholars in a variety of fields, it takes up questions of how theories and traditions in rhetorical analysis can be integrated with corpus techniques in order to enrich our understanding of language use, variation, and history. The studies included in this volume shed light on areas as diverse as student academic writing, political discourse, and the digital humanities. These studies all make use of a dictionary-based tagger called DocuScope, which recognizes tens-of-millions of words and phrases and slots them into categories based on their rhetorical functions. While DocuScope provides a through-line that both links the studies’ various analytical procedures and primes their rhetorical insights, the volume is about more than the explanatory power of a single tool. It demonstrates how rhetorically informed approaches can complement more established corpus methodologies, underscoring their combined potential.
Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking
The goal of text ranking is to generate an ordered list of texts retrieved from a corpus in response to a query. Although the most common formulation of text ranking is search, instances of the task can also be found in many natural language processing (NLP) applications.This book provides an overview of text ranking with neural network architectures known as transformers, of which BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is the best-known example. The combination of transformers and self-supervised pretraining has been responsible for a paradigm shift in NLP, information retrieval (IR), and beyond. This book provides a synthesis of existing work as a single point of en...
On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2004: CoopIS, DOA, and ODBASE
sers: GADA, MOIS, WOSE, and INTEROP. We trust that their audiences will mutually productively and happily mingle with those of the main conferences. A special mention for 2004 is in order for the new Doctoral Symposium Workshop where three young post-doc researchers organized an original set-up and formula to bring PhD students together and allow them to submit their research proposals for selection. A limited number of the submissions and their approaches will be independently evaluated by a panel of senior experts at the conference, and presented by the students in front of a wider audience. These students also got free access to all other parts of the OTM program, and only paid a heavily ...
Artificial Intelligence in Education
This two-volume set LNAI 12748 and 12749 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, AIED 2021, held in Utrecht, The Netherlands, in June 2021.* The 40 full papers presented together with 76 short papers, 2 panels papers, 4 industry papers, 4 doctoral consortium, and 6 workshop papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 209 submissions. The conference provides opportunities for the cross-fertilization of approaches, techniques and ideas from the many fields that comprise AIED, including computer science, cognitive and learning sciences, education, game design, psychology, sociology, linguistics as well as many domain-specific areas. ​*The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
