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The microbial nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, and one that often limits production in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. Due to its requirement in biological macromolecules, its acquisition and cycling have the potential to structure microbial communities, as well as to control productivity on the ecosystem scale. In addition, its versatile redox chemistry is the basis of complex biogeochemical transformations that control the inventory of fixed nitrogen, both in local environments and over geological time. Although many of the pathways in the microbial nitrogen cycle were described more than a century ago, additional fundamental pathways have been discovered only recently. These findings imply that we still have much to learn about the microbial nitrogen cycle, the organisms responsible for it, and their interactions in natural and human environments. Progress in nitrogen cycle research has been facilitated by recent rapid technological advances, especially in genomics and isotopic approaches. In this Research Topic, we reviewed the leading edge of nitrogen cycle research based on these approaches, as well as by exploring microbial processes in modern ecosystems.
Nitrification
A full review of the latest research findings on microbes involved in conventional aerobic nitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, and related processes. • Examines the four principal groups of nitrifying microbes including conventional aerobic bacterial ammonia oxidizers, recently discovered aerobic archaeal ammonia oxidizers, anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing planctomycetes, and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. • Provides current information on the ecology, phylogeny, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genomics of each group of microbes. • Discusses the latest industrial applications of nitrification and anammox processes, and explores the ecology of nitrification in marine, freshwater, soil, and wastewater environments.
Linking Ecosystem Function to Microbial Diversity
Understanding the link between microbial diversity and ecosystem processes is a fundamental goal of microbial ecologists, yet we still have a rudimentary knowledge of how changes in diversity affect nutrient cycling and energy transfer in ecosystems. Due to the complexity of the problem, many published studies on this topic have been conducted in artificial or manipulated systems. Although researchers have begun to expose some possible mechanisms using these approaches, most have not yet been able to produce conclusive results that relate directly to natural systems. The few studies that have explored the link between diversity and activity in natural systems have typically focused on specif...
Manual of Environmental Microbiology
The most definitive manual of microbes in air, water, and soil and their impact on human health and welfare. • Incorporates a summary of the latest methodology used to study the activity and fate of microorganisms in various environments. • Synthesizes the latest information on the assessment of microbial presence and microbial activity in natural and artificial environments. • Features a section on biotransformation and biodegradation. • Serves as an indispensable reference for environmental microbiologists, microbial ecologists, and environmental engineers, as well as those interested in human diseases, water and wastewater treatment, and biotechnology.
Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Microbes
A NATO ASI on "Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Microbes" was held at II Ciocco, Lucca, Italy from 28 August - 9 September 1994. The aims of the ASI were to evaluate the potential for molecular biology to solve some important questions in aquatic microbiology, particularly in relation to biogeochemical cycling and microbial physiology. Techniques developed by molecular biologists have now been adopted by a wide range of scientific disciplines. In the last 5 years, aquatic microbial ecologists have begun to incorporate these methods into their research and, as a result, are developing a much clearer understanding of phylogenetic diversity, the molecular basis of physiological acclimations and the...
Protocols for Nucleic Acid Analysis by Nonradioactive Probes
Protocols for Nucleic Acid Analysis by Non-radioactive Probes, Second Edition provides a firm background on the basic preparative protocols required for the analysis of nucleic acids by nonradioactive methods. Presenting the methodologies using amazing new applications, this volume offers guide chapters on nucleic acid extractions, preparation of nucleic acid blots, and labeling of nucleic acids with nonradioactive haptens. New fluorescent techniques such as Real Time PCR and microarrays are also included, allowing users to get a nonradioactive protocol implemented in the laboratory with minimum adaptation required and fastest time to results. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Immunochemical Approaches to Coastal, Estuarine and Oceanographic Questions
This volume represents a collection of pioneering papers introducing immunochemical techniques to the aquatic sciences. It is the product of a workshop entitled "Immunochemical Approaches to Coastal, Estuarine and Oceanographic Questions" held at the University of Southern Maine, Portland, Oct. 5-7, 1986. Funding from many sources made this workshop possible, and is gratefully acknowledged. The reader will note great variability in both the quality and scope of the papers which we have divided 'into four sections: I. Background material on the immune system (borrowed from a recent NIH publication) II. Background material related to aquatic sciences III. Techniques IV. Applications Readers fa...
Research on Nitrification and Related Processes
The global nitrogen cycle is the one most impacted by mankind. The past decade has changed our view on many aspects of the microbial biogeochemical cycles, including the global nitrogen cycle, which is mainly due to tremendous advances in methods, techniques and approaches. Many novel processes and the molecular inventory and organisms that facilitate them have been discovered only within the last 5 to 10 years, and the process is in progress. Research on Nitrification and Related Processes, Part B provides state-of-the-art updates on methods and protocols dealing with the detection, isolation and characterization of macromolecules and their hosting organisms that facilitate nitrification and related processes in the nitrogen cycle as well as the challenges of doing so in very diverse environments. Provides state-of-the-art update on methods and protocols Deals with the detection, isolation and characterization of macromolecules and their hosting organisms Deals with the challenges of very diverse environments
Nitrogen in the Marine Environment
Since the first edition of Nitrogen in the Environment published in 1983, it has been recognized as the standard in the field. In the time since the book first appeared, there has been tremendous growth in the field with unprecedented discoveries over the past decade that have fundamentally changed the view of the marine nitrogen cycle. As a result, this Second Edition contains twice the amount of information as contained in the first edition. This updated edition is now available online, offering searchability and instant, multi-user access to this important information. *The classic text, fully updated to reflect the rapid pace of discovery*Provides researchers and students in oceanography, chemistry, and marine ecology an understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle*Available online with easy access and search - the information you need, when you need it
