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Biology of Antarctic Fish
Biology of Antarctic Fish presents the most recent findings on the biology of fish in the unique environment of the Antarctic ocean. At present the year-round temperature of the coastal waters is very near -1,87 ° C, the equilibrium temperature of the ice-seawater mixture. This extremely low temperature affects different levels of organization of fish life: individuals, organ systems, cells, organelles, membranes, and molecules. Exploring ecology, evolution, and life history as well as physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of Antarctic fish the book describes the mechanisms of cold adaptation at all these levels. It provides material for discussion also for fundamental questions in the field of adaptation to an extreme environment and therefore is of particular interest not only to specialized scientists, but also to those involved in basic and evolutionary biology.
Molecular Biology and its Application to Medical Mycology
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Molecular Biology and its Application to Medical Mycology, held at Taormina, Italy, January 6-8, 1992
Heat Shock
During the last years the heat shock response has been stu- died as a model system to analyze control mechanisms regula- ting the synthesis of heat shock proteins providing impor- tant general insight into the regulation of gene expression. But the major revelation, which has sparked interest from all quarters of biology, is the discovery that heat shock proteins play major roles in an extraordinary variety of normal cellular processes. They are the focus of investiga- tions in many areas of cell biology, including protein traf- ficking, signal transduction, DNS replication, transcrip- tion, protein synthesis, and in the assembly of di- verse protein structures. These aspects are thoroughly trea- ted in the book, as are the implications in immunology, in- fec- tious diseases, chronic degeneration, hyperthermia, and can- cer research.
Differential-Display Reverse Transcription-PCR (DDRT-PCR)
Identification of differentially expressed genes is one of the major challenges in molecular biology. Several techniques allow the cloning of such sequences. However, methods such as RNA subtraction or differential hybridization are time-consuming and require large amounts of mRNA. Recently, a new approach has successfully been developed: Differential-Display Reverse Transcription-PCR (DDRT-PCR). This technique has been proven to be highly effective in identifying sequences that are differentially expressed in various cell types. The most striking advantage is, however, that only nanograms of total RNA are sufficient. Thus every mRNA species expressed in the cell system can be investigated, even those present at very low levels.
Educational Commons
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Innovation in Cultural Systems
Leading scholars offer a range of perspectives on the roles played by innovation in the evolution of human culture. In recent years an interest in applying the principles of evolution to the study of culture emerged in the social sciences. Archaeologists and anthropologists reconsidered the role of innovation in particular, and have moved toward characterizing innovation in cultural systems not only as a product but also as an evolutionary process. This distinction was familiar to biology but new to the social sciences; cultural evolutionists from the nineteenth to the twentieth century had tended to see innovation as a preprogrammed change that occurred when a cultural group "needed" to ove...
Stress Proteins
All living organisms are exposed to rapidly changing environmental conditions which may lead to external stress. How organisms cope with stress - especially on the molecular level - is explained in Stress Proteins. Cells react to external stress - where the temperature-induced reaction known as "heat shock response" is the best studied example of stress - by activating special genes and subsequently synthesizing stress proteins. Surprisingly, this stress response is not only similar for all types of stress but even the involved stress proteins are virtually identical in all organisms from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells, from bacteria to humans. This universality shows that stress proteins are vital for surviving and indicates that these proteins play an essential role in normal cell functions, in cell growth and metabolism. This explains the great interest in stress response research.
River Contracts and Integrated Water Management in Europe
This book aims to stimulate new thinking on the roles of river contracts in the protection and management of hydrographic resources and ecosystems and in the sustainable development of dependent territories and communities. Up-to-date information is provided on a range of topics relating to river contracts, including their relevance to implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive on integrated river basin management. The importance of river contracts for innovation in territorial planning and governance is explored with the aid of comparative analysis between France and Italy that encompasses water management policies, legislative frameworks, contents and procedures, and stakeholder rules and participation. This analysis is supported by enlightening case studies in urbanized and rural contexts within the two countries. The book will be of high interest for all who wish to understand the potential of river contracts to create innovative forums for dialogue and knowledge sharing between public/private stakeholders and local communities and to prompt a new form of governance of river ecosystems and territories that is compliant with the subsidiarity principle.
The Wrong Ape for Early Human Origins
The Wrong Ape for Early Human Origins highlights the pervasive impact of the chimpanzee referential model on paleoanthropological theory. This work suggests the need to re-imagine the last common ancestor of chimps and humans based on a more generalized Miocene ape platform and the reliance of early hominins on epigenesis and creative niche construction.
