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Optimization of Ammonia Removal by Ion Exchange Using Clinoptilolite
The zeolite ion exchanger clinoptilolite was investigated with the objective of optimizing its application to ammonia removal from wastewaters. The study included multiple cycle pilot plant operations at three municipal sewage treatment plants. Particular attention was given to cation interference with exhaustion performance and with minimum cost regeneration. The ammonia capacity of clinoptilolite was found to be nearly constant over the pH range of 4 to 8, but diminished rapidly outside this range. In regeneration the pH was critical in determining the NaCl requirements, a higher pH favoring lesser amounts of salt. However, at a pH over 12.5 zeolite attrition became excessive and exchanger makeup contributed significantly to operating costs. An average ammonia removal of 95.7% was obtained in demonstration studies on three municipal wastes have an NH3N content of about 20 mg/l. The cost of ammonia removal using clinoptilolite for a 10-mgd plant operating under these conditions was estimated to be $0.082/1000 gal. Ammonia removal down to less than 0.5 mg/l NH3−N is technically feasible, but only with shorter exhaustion runs and greater regenerant requirements.
Decontamination of Radioactive Effluent with Clinoptilolite
The removal of strontium-90 and cesium-137 from fuel storage basin effluent by ion exchange using the mineral clinoptilolite as the exchanger is described. The concentration of cesium-137 in the effluent after decontamination was less than its drinking water tolerance, and the concentration of strontium-90 was approximately equal to its tolerance.
Zeolites and Their Applications
Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicate minerals of the family of microporous solids. According to the US Geological Survey, there are about 40 naturally occurring zeolites, forming in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The most commonly mined forms include clinoptilolite, chabazite and mordenite. There are over 200 synthetic zeolites. For their abundance, natural and synthetic zeolites are widely used in the industry, agriculture, water treatment, wastewater treatment and as dietary supplements to treat diarrhea, autism, cancer and other. This book Zeolites and Their Applications deals with several aspects of zeolite morphology, synthesis and applications. The book is divided into three sections and structured into nine chapters. The first section includes the introductory chapter, the second section explains mineralogy, morphology and synthesis of zeolites and the third section focuses on the different applications of both natural and synthetic zeolites. So, in this book, the readers will obtain updated information on mineralogy, morphology, synthesis and application of zeolites. Scientists from different scientific fields reported in this book their findings.
Environmental Zeolites and Aqueous Media: Examples of Practical Solutions
Environmental Zeolites and Aqueous Media: Examples of practical solutions brings to light the characteristic features of ion exchange and adsorption onto natural zeolite for environmental cleanup processes, particularly for water purification, zeolite`s present, past and future. This ebook emphasizes on the recent development in the synthesis and manufacturing of the advanced cost-effective organic and inorganic zeolite-based adsorbents. The scope of this ebook covers a range of topics including natural zeolite, general aspects of adsorption, physical characterization of fundamental ion exc.
