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Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies
This report is the proceedings of a December 2001 international symposium in Washington, DC organized by the National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The symposium addressed (1) characteristics of peaceful management of tensions in multiethnic societies, particularly in Russia; (2) policies that have contributed to violence in such societies; (3) steps toward reconciliation; and (4) post-conflict reconstruction.
Countering Urban Terrorism in Russia and the United States
In January-February 2005, the National Academies Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States and the Russian Academy of Sciences Standing Committee on Counterterrorism held a workshop on urban terrorism in Washington, D.C. Prior to the workshop, three working groups convened to focus on the topics of energy systems vulnerabilities, transportation systems vulnerabilities, and cyberterrorism issues. The working groups met with local experts and first responders, prepared reports, and presented their findings at the workshop. Other workshop papers focused on various organizations' integrated response to acts of urban terrorism, recent acts of terrorism, radiological terrorism, biological terrorism, cyberterrorism, and the roots of terrorism.
Conflict Resolution and Status
The dispute between Georgia and Abkhazia is not a conflict of equals. In international conflicts, adversaries may differ de facto on the ground, in terms of population, territory and capability, among other things. As internationally recognized states, however, they have equal de jure status, and fears that inviting the other side to the negotiating tablemight be construed as recognition, for example, rarely intrude. The question of status does pose problems, however, when a conflict is being fought between a recognized state and an unrecognized entity, and these problems may contribute to increase the intractability of such conflicts.This study explores how and to what extent the difference in status between a sovereign state and an unrecognized entity hinders conflict resolution activities. Based on intensive fieldwork and unedited negotiation material, the book provides an in-depth analysis of the negotiations, informal dialogues and grassroots activities that took place in Abkhazia and Georgia between 1989 and 2008.
Multi-Ethnic Society Affects on Outbreak of Armed Conflicts
This research aims to examine and analyze multi-ethnic societies struggle for constructing a democratic system as well as a stable government to satisfy all ethnic fraction. In addition to this, it focuses on the case of Iraq ethnic fraction post-2003 war.With its failed state government struggle to maintain the peace and security of its civilian due to its newly formed constitution that is build based on partitioning the society ethnically. that lead to an outbreak of armed civil conflict between ethnicities within Iraq. as International interference played a role in supporting a different part of society against another lead to weakening the central government control. with other primaries, as well as secondary conditions, lead the country to reach a dead end when Iraq is a dysfunctional country. Iraq is on top-ranked countries most corrupt worldwide Corruption perception index - transparency international, lost development opportunities, the decline of education and rise of illiteracy, failure of the medical sector. Top-ranked countries most dangerous countries to visit.
