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Clinical metagenomics-based diagnostics for infectious diseases
Clinical metagenomics is an emerging method in the diagnosis of infectious diseases that uses next generation sequencing (NGS) technology to identify the etiologic agents to allow for more effective and targeted treatment of infectious diseases. Conventional diagnostic methods are mainly based on basic morphologic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses which can be insensitive and/or time consuming. Metagenomic NGS (mNGS) can be performed with only a small amount of nucleic acid from the specimen and not only can the pathogen be identified and characterized, but also its antimicrobial susceptibility can be inferred. Although tremendous advancements were made in the speed, throughput, and cost of NGS in recent years, the application of clinical metagenomics in routine diagnosis of infectious diseases is not yet practical because of its much higher cost compared to conventional microbiological tests, complex laboratory workflows and computational challenges.
Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Microbiology
In the last quarter century, advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have been at the forefront of efforts to map complex biological systems including the human metabolome, proteome, and microbiome. All of these developments have allowed MS to become a well-established molecular level technology for microorganism characterization. MS has demonstrated its considerable advantage as a rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method for microorganism identification, compared to conventional phenotypic techniques. In the last several years, applications of MS for microorganism characterization in research, clinical microbiology, counter-bioterrorism, food safety, and environmental monitoring have been docu...
Multidrug Gram-Negative Bacilli : Current Situation and Future Perspective
Bacterial resistance has become a worldwide concern since patients with infections related to microorganisms have a higher risk to develop the worst outcomes, including death; in addition to greater consumption of hospital resources than those patients who become infected with susceptible microorganisms. Estimates have been made that, if this problem continues increasing, in 2050, there will be ten million deaths worldwide, more than those currently caused by cancer. Gram-negative bacilli, such as Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii are associated with higher rates of both community and hospital-acquired infections and unfortunately have been showing an alarming increase in the rates of resistance. In the last decade, the use of antibiotics has resurfaced, which in the past were discarded due to their toxicity associated, as therapeutic tools for many of these infections; meanwhile, new therapeutic options have emerged on the market that could be viable for the treatment of these bacterial infections depending on the resistance mechanisms involved.
