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During ancient times currency took varied forms, including beaver skins, bales of tobacco, and sea salt blocks. As art and technology advanced, monetary systems and currencies altered. Today, coins and currency provide an historical and archeological record of culture, religion, politics, and world leaders. This updated second edition offers numerous entries of historical commentary on the role of coins and currency in human events, politics, and the arts. It begins with the origin of coins in ancient Sumer, and follows advancements in metallurgy and minting machines to paper, plastic, and electronic moneys designed to ease trade and halt counterfeiting and other forms of theft. A timeline of monetary history is provided along with a glossary and bibliography. Numerous photographs of coins and bills provide an up-close look at beautiful and ingenious artifacts.
Mathematics of Chance utilizes simple, real-world problems-some of which have only recently been solved-to explain fundamental probability theorems, methods, and statistical reasoning. Jiri Andel begins with a basic introduction to probability theory and its important points before moving on to more specific sections on vital aspects of probability, using both classic and modern problems. Each chapter begins with easy, realistic examples before covering the general formulations and mathematical treatments used. The reader will find ample use for a chapter devoted to matrix games and problem sets concerning waiting, probability calculations, expectation calculations, and statistical methods. ...
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Softcover book - The latest incarnation of Brother Can You Spare A Dime? - Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World with Footnotes to History has been published in a Third Edition. This work, a many year project to study these coins as miniature engravings of Art and History, was first published in 1997. Several years later a CD-rom was produced as the Second Edition. The author won a Numismatic Literary Guild Award for this Edition. The Third Edition, a 600 page book with over a thousand enlarged scans of the coins from the mid 1800's to 1970 show coins from around the world - Afghanistan to Yemen. These coins were the money of the people at the time; one would represent a days work, purchase a meal or a night's entertainment. Kings, Queens and Statesmen are portrayed on dozens, with little biographies of many. More than a numismatic book, this anthology is a fine way to develop a better understanding of money in use during the previous two centuries. A great addition to your numismatic library.
An overview of a European country of great natural beauty, emphasizing its rich cultural traditions.
overs the entire history of world gold coinage form the 5th century B.C. through the modern coin issues of today. Part I, the section on ancient coins covers, in order, Ancient Greece, the Roman Republic and Empire and the Byzantine Empire. Part II lists the coins of the world in alphabetical order by country from approximately AD 600 to date. With current market valuations usually in the two most commonly encountered states of preservation. Tables of weight and precious metal content included with coins of each country.
Czech: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the core structures and features of modern Czech. Presenting a fresh and accessible description of the language, this engaging grammar uses clear, jargon-free explanations and sets out the complexities of Czech in short, readable sections. Suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types, key features include: * focus on the morphology and syntax of the language * clear explanations of grammatical terms * full use of authentic examples * detailed contents list and index for easy access to information. With an emphasis on the Czech that native speakers use today, Czech: An Essential Grammar will help students to read, speak and write the language with greater confidence.
HIS DUTY IS TO A COUNTRY WHICH FORGOT HIM.Visigothic Spania, 687ADTheudemir of Aurariola knows peace is fragile. Though the Visigothic nobility have been united for half a century, a new King with old grudges sits beneath Spania's Votive Crown, and rebellion stirs in the south.As tensions rise, Theudemir encounters royal bastard Oppa, for whom coin is king, ambition the only faith - and Theudemir's betrothed, Lælia, the key to power.Exiled and enslaved, Theudemir must make an impossible choice: return to save the woman he loves from Oppa's corruption; or stay and save Spania itself from an Arabic army bent on conquest.From the bestselling author of Sahara comes the first in a sprawling, epic historical fiction series set amongst Visigothic Spain's turbulent decline, and the rise of Arabic Al Andalus.