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A Glance at Nineteenth Century Concept of PHRENOLOGY: Skull Bumps are a Mirror of Brain Faculties!
A Glance at Nineteenth Century Concept of PHRENOLOGY: Skull Bumps are a Mirror of Brain Faculties! Phrenology was a nineteenth century endeavour to link personality traits with scalp morphology, which has been both influential and fiercely criticised, not least because of the assumption that scalp morphology can be informative of underlying brain function. Phrenology is the study of the shape of the head through the examination and measurement of the bumps on an individual's skull. Phrenology was one of the early biological theories of criminology and laid the foundation for the development of the biological school of criminology. Scientists discredited phrenology by the mid-1800s, althou...
A Passage into the Eye: Understanding of the eye, from tear film to photoreceptors with an application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).
A Passage into the Eye: Understanding of the eye, from tear film to photoreceptors with an application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). The eye is a delicate yet intricate structure, making it challenging territory to travel through the passage! With the emergence of optical coherence tomography (OCT) over the past 25 years, researchers and clinicians now have a non-invasive approach to observing the eye with unprecedented detail. OCT’s ability to quickly capture clear, detailed images of the eye from cornea to retina allows us to diagnose, understand, and treat the eye at a whole new level – and its capabilities are increasing daily. Each wavelength plays its role, from 800 to ...
A Novel Hypothesis of Original Antigenic Sin: How First Exposure Shapes Lifelong Anti- (Influenza)Virus Immune Responses
A Novel Hypothesis of Original Antigenic Sin: How First Exposure Shapes Lifelong Anti- (Influenza)Virus Immune Responses. The term “original antigenic sin” (OAS) was first used in the 1960s to describe how one’s first exposure to influenza virus shapes the outcome of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. In the decades that have passed, OAS-like responses have been shown to play an integral role in both protections from and susceptibility to infections. OAS may also have an important deterministic role in the differential efficacy of influenza vaccine responses observed for various age cohorts across seasons. An attempt has been made in this Booklet to review how the understanding of OAS has progressed from its initial description and highlight important outstanding questions in need of further study along with relevant Illustrations/Tables etc. for better understanding. …Dr. H. K. Saboowala. M.B.(Bom) .M.R.S.H.(London)
A Comprehensive Review of “NOTCH2NL & Notch Signalling Pathway”, implicated in the determination of the Human Brain Size and Sig. Pathway Dysregulation associated Disorders
A Comprehensive Review of “NOTCH2NL & Notch Signalling Pathway”, implicated in the determination of the Human Brain Size and Sig. Pathway Dysregulation associated Disorders. Notch homolog 2 N-terminal-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH2NL gene. It appears to play a key role in the development of the brain. NOTCH2NL increases the number of cortical stem cells, which while delaying the generation of neurons ultimately leads to a greater number of neurons and larger brains. NOTCH2NL copy number loss and gain is associated with various neurological disorders, and they showed that loss of NOTCH2NL in human mini-brains organoids lead to the organoids being smaller, whi...
Everything to Know About GENE: Etymology, Definition, History, Function and much more. A Concise Pedagogy of GENE.
Everything to Know About GENE: Etymology, Definition, History, Function and much more. A Concise Pedagogy of GENE. We all know about genetics, how they are made up of DNA. Many young people will have had their first information about genetics and DNA from the legendary film Jurassic Park, which spoke about DNA and genetics in making dinosaurs. However, humans have DNA too, and for us, it can influence everything about us. Everyone has DNA, and therefore everyone has genes. Genes are the basic physical and functional units of heredity, they are made up of DNA, and one gets them from his parents. How we understand genes is often molded by what we know in popular culture, unless you are a sc...
What to know about the Bristol Stool Chart or Bristol Stool Scale.
What to know about the Bristol Stool Chart or Bristol Stool Scale. In 1997, Dr. Kenneth Heaton developed the BSFS, a diagnostic tool to help classify stools into seven categories. Doctors can use the tool as a practical guide in assessing how long a stool has spent in the bowels. The scale uses stool consistency to describe and categorize faeces. Dr. Heaton devised the BSFS Trusted Source as a quick, inexpensive, and reliable way to classify stools visually without the need for laboratory testing. Medical professionals can use the BSFS to help assess the condition of the bowel and measure the effectiveness of certain treatments. · For example, doctors may use the BSFS to help diagnose irritable bowel syndrome. Since it is widely used as a research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for various diseases of the bowel, as well as a clinical communication aid including being part of the diagnostic triad for irritable bowel syndrome, it is strived to precisely describe this research tool for the enthusiastic Medicos along with relevant tables for better understanding. …Dr. H. K. Saboowala. M.B.(Bom) .M.R.S.H.(London)
Dysgraphia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Management etc. A Concise Review.
Dysgraphia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, Management etc. A Concise Review. In the past, the term 'dysgraphia' was used to refer to both motor coordination difficulties affecting writing, as well as persistent difficulty expressing thoughts in writing due to weaknesses in literacy and/or language conventions (such as spelling, grammar and punctuation). To avoid any confusion between the two, a distinction has more recently been made with a specific learning disorder in written expression (Dysgraphia) referring to: a. Language-based difficulties involved in constructing meaningful and effectively structured expressive writing and b. Ongoing weaknesses in spelling and punctuation tha...
Current state of the art of Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) - a type of Immunotherapy. An Overview.
Current state of the art of Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) - a type of Immunotherapy. An Overview. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is the first oncolytic viral immunotherapy to be approved for the local treatment of unresectable metastatic stage IIIB/C–IVM1a melanoma. Its direct intratumoral injection aim to trigger local and systemic immunologic responses leading to tumour cell lysis, followed by release of tumour-derived antigens and subsequent activation of tumour-specific effector T-cells. Its approval has fuelled the interest to study its possible synergy with other immunotherapeutic in preclinical models as well as in clinical contexts. In fact, it has been shown that intra- tumor...
Hurler Syndrome/(Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I MPH I): Aetiology, History, Symptoms, Treatment etc. An Overview.
Hurler Syndrome/(Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I MPH I): Aetiology, History, Symptoms, Treatment etc. An Overview. Hurler syndrome was first described by German paediatrician, Gertrud Hurler in 1919. It is one of the 11 disorders of the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). Hurler syndrome is considered as mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPH I) and formerly known as gargoylism. It is an inherited lysosomal disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme responsible for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). This leads to a build-up of dermatan sulfate and heparin sulfate in multiple tissues, resulting in progressive deterioration and eventually, death. An attempt has been made in this Booklet to discuss the pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of Hurler Syndrome and the role of the interprofessional team along with relevant ILLUSTRATIONS for better understanding. …Dr. H. K. Saboowala. M.B (Bom) .M.R.S.H.(London)
Functional Voice Disorders: Types, Symptoms & Treatment.
Functional Voice Disorders: Types, Symptoms & Treatment. Functional Voice Disorders (FVD) are caused by insufficient or improper use of the phonation apparatus without either anatomical or neurological abnormalities. The most common FVDs include: vocal fatigue, muscle tension dysphonia, diplophonia, and ventricular phonation. It is endeavoured in this Booklet to review the functional voice disorders by discussing their: · Aetiology, · Epidemiology, · Pathophysiology, · Evaluation and · Treatment as well as the role of the interprofessional team in the patients with functional voice disorders along with several relevant IMAGES for better understanding. …Dr. H. K. Saboowala. M.B.(Bom) .M.R.S.H.(London)
