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This thesis describes a method to control rare events in non-equilibrium systems by applying physical forces to those systems but without relying on numerical simulation techniques, such as copying rare events. In order to study this method, the book draws on the mathematical structure of equilibrium statistical mechanics, which connects large deviation functions with experimentally measureable thermodynamic functions. Referring to this specific structure as the “phenomenological structure for the large deviation principle”, the author subsequently extends it to time-series statistics that can be used to describe non-equilibrium physics. The book features pedagogical explanations and also shows many open problems to which the proposed method can be applied only to a limited extent. Beyond highlighting these challenging problems as a point of departure, it especially offers an effective means of description for rare events, which could become the next paradigm of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Electric-field-mediated chemistry is an emerging topic that is rapidly growing and fanning out in many directions. It involves theoretical and experimental aspects, as well as intense interplay between them, including breakthrough achievements such as the proof-of-principle that a Diels–Alder reaction, which involves two simultaneous C–C bond making events, can be catalysed or inhibited simply by changing the direction of an oriented external-electric field (OEEF). This productive interplay between the theoretical and experimental branches of chemistry is continuing, and gradually defining a new sub-field wherein various sources of electric fields, whether external or built-in and design...
Nutrition -- Height -- Health -- Child labour -- Education -- Migration -- Income -- Inequality -- Poverty -- Wealth -- Vulnerability -- Human development -- Household budgets -- Cost of living
A discussion of the fundamental changes that occur when dynamical systems from the fields of nonlinear optics, solids, hydrodynamics and biophysics are scaled down to nanosize. The authors are leading scientists in the field and each of their contributions provides a broader introduction to the specific area of research. In so doing, they include both the experimental and theoretical point of view, focusing especially on the effects on the nonlinear dynamical behavior of scaling, stochasticity and quantum mechanics. For everybody working on the synthesis and integration of nanoscopic devices who sooner or later will have to learn how to deal with nonlinear effects.
Thermodynamics is not the oldest of sciences. Mechanics can make that claim. Thermodynamicsisaproductofsomeofthegreatestscienti?cmindsofthe19thand 20th centuries. But it is suf?ciently established that most authors of new textbooks in thermodynamics ?nd it necessary to justify their writing of yet another textbook. I ?nd this an unnecessary exercise because of the centrality of thermodynamics as a science in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. I do acknowledge, however, that instruction in thermodynamics often leaves the student in a confused state. My attempt in this book is to present thermodynamics in as simple and as uni?ed a form as possible. As teachers we identify the failures ...
**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 with "Essential Purchase" designation in Dentistry** Stay up on the latest research and techniques in endodontics with Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp, 12th Edition. Written by a team of internationally renowned experts and trusted for more than 40 years, this definitive guide covers the science, theory, and practice of endodontics. Full color illustrations and detailed radiographs guide readers through each step of endodontic care — from diagnosis and treatment planning to proven techniques for managing pulpal and periapical diseases. This new twelfth edition also boasts the very latest evidence-based research and techniques, reorganized and condense...
This work contains over thirty chapters by leading researchers in the field of oxidative biology, originally presented as articles in an extended Forum in the highly-cited journal, Free Radical Biology & Medicine. The papers in this Forum (or Symposium-in-print) spanned seven issues of the journal, over many months. This is the first time that all of these expert contributions are presented in one place.Reliable methods for measuring OSS in organisms are essential. These would, amongst other things, offer applications as early warning signals for cancer and heart disease - eventually giving a range of measurable oxidation products best related to any given disease state.Additional observations relevant to OSS include: how much do measures of OSS vary in a group of humans? Does OSS decrease as a result of life-change factors and does it increase with age? With disease? With stress? Can a non-invasive, reliable, reputable measure of OSS be identified?This informative book provides the reader with the latest status of studies into OSS, currently used examples of BOSS, and answers to at least some of the questions posed above.