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Urbanization drastically alters the ecosystems structure and functions, disrupts cycling of C and other elements along with water. It alters the energy balance and influences climate at local, regional and global scales. In 2008, urban population exceeded the rural population. In 2050, 70% of the world population will live in urban centers. The number of megacities (10 million inhabitants) increased from three in 1975 to 19 in 2007, and is projected to be 27 in 2025. Rapid urbanization is altering the ecosystem C budget. Yet, urban ecosystems have a large C sink capacity in soils and biota. Judicious planning and effective management can enhance C pool in urban ecosystems, and off-set some of the anthropogenic emissions. Principal components with regards to C sequestration include home lawns and turfs, urban forests, green roofs, park and recreational/sports facilities and urban agriculture.
Even as they increase the beauty of our surroundings, trees provide us with a great many ecosystem services, incl. air quality improvement, energy conservation, stormwater interception, and carbon dioxide reduction. These benefits must be weighed against the costs of maintaining trees, including planting, pruning, irrigation, admin., pest control, liability, cleanup, and removal. This report presents benefits and costs for representative small, medium, and large trees in the Tropical region based on research carried out in Honolulu, Hawaii. Average annual net benefits increase with tree size and differ based on location:. Two hypothetical examples of planting projects are described to illustrate how the data in this guide can be adapted to local uses.
This text is a clear, step-by-step introduction to how a site should be developed in an environmentally sustainable manner. Includes a detailed examination of brownfield site to develop strategies.
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Questions of how the design of cities can respond to the challenge of climate change dominate the thoughts of urban planners and designers across the U.S. and Canada. With admirable clarity, Patrick Condon responds to these questions. He addresses transportation, housing equity, job distribution, economic development, and ecological systems issues and synthesizes his knowledge and research into a simple-to-understand set of urban design recommendations. No other book so clearly connects the form of our cities to their ecological, economic, and social consequences. No other book takes on this breadth of complex and contentious issues and distills them down to such convincing and practical solutions.
Turn water scarcity into water abundance; as you enable your home, yard, school, place of worship, and/or neighborhood to generate more resources and life! Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond, Volume 1, 3rd Edition, is the best-selling, award-winning guide on how to conceptualize, design, and implement a diverse array of highly effective and inexpensive strategies, which harvest and enhance the combined potential of many free on-site resources (such as rainwater, greywater, sun, wind, shade, soil fertility, and more). Clearly written with more than 290 illustrations, this full color edition helps endow you and your community with new capabilities; reduce your cost of living; plant abundant self-irrigating gardens; construct and retrofit buildings that power, light, heat, and cool themselves; and create community-building street-side forests that grow beauty, food, carbon-sequestration, flood-control, and wildlife habitat. Stories of people who are vibrantly welcoming rain, sun, wind, and shade into their lives and landscapes will invite you to do the same!