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This book analyzes the underlying reasons behind the formation of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), its development, where this current in Irish republicanism is at present and its prospects for the future. Tommy McKearney, a former IRA member who was part of the 1980 hunger strike, challenges the misconception that the Provisional IRA was only, or even wholly, about ending partition and uniting Ireland. He argues that while these objectives were always the core and headline demands of the organization, opposition to the old Northern Ireland state was a major dynamic for the IRA’s armed campaign. As he explores the makeup and strategy of the IRA he is not uncritical, examining alternative options available to the movement at different periods, arguing that its inability to develop a clear socialist program has limited its effectiveness and reach. This authoritative and engaging history provides a fascinating insight into the workings and dynamics of a modern resistance movement.
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For Native Americans, religious freedom has been an elusive goal. From nineteenth-century bans on indigenous ceremonial practices to twenty-first-century legal battles over sacred lands, peyote use, and hunting practices, the U.S. government has often acted as if Indian traditions were somehow not truly religious and therefore not eligible for the constitutional protections of the First Amendment. In this book, Tisa Wenger shows that cultural notions about what constitutes "religion" are crucial to public debates over religious freedom. In the 1920s, Pueblo Indian leaders in New Mexico and a sympathetic coalition of non-Indian reformers successfully challenged government and missionary attempts to suppress Indian dances by convincing a skeptical public that these ceremonies counted as religion. This struggle for religious freedom forced the Pueblos to employ Euro-American notions of religion, a conceptual shift with complex consequences within Pueblo life. Long after the dance controversy, Wenger demonstrates, dominant concepts of religion and religious freedom have continued to marginalize indigenous traditions within the United States.
This book is a compilation of scientific papers presented at a July 1991 conference which was scheduled to coincide with the 15th anniversary of the unmanned Viking landing on the planet Mars. The conference was planned to cover past, present and future missions to Mars, with the papers of past missions serving as an historic scientific base, and papers of the future missions to Mars serving as the main focus of the conference. Chapters are grouped into six sections: overviews, prior missions, rationale and benefits of future missions, robotic missions, systems concepts and operations, and technology for future missions.
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DEAD GROUND (defined as 'exposed, apparently safe territory, concealing hostile threats') is the story of a man who spent eight years as an undercover police agent inside the IRA. He exposes for the first time the reality of life in the dark claustrophobic world of the Provisionals: the iron grip they hold over their own communities - a grip as tight and vicious as any Mafia stranglehold - and their ruthless and cynical disregard for human life. He reveals the corruption and double-standards that see young volunteers kneecapped for petty thieving, while the high-ups steal with impunity. Above all, DEAD GROUND is a human story - the life of a man trapped in no man's land, in a dirty war in which both the IRA and the security forces exploit kids trapped in dead-end estates. It is the most gripping, revelatory and compulsive narrative of the year.