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The Tornado
A guide to tornado formation and lifecycle also covers such topics as forecasting, wind speeds, tornado myths, tornado safety, risks, and records, along with accounts of the deadliest tornadoes in the United States.
Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems
The petroleum age began about 150 years ago. Easily available energy has s- ported major advances in agriculture, industry, transportation, and indeed many diverse activities valued by humans. Now world petroleum and natural gas s- plies have peaked and their supplies will slowly decline over the next 40–50 years until depleted. Although small amounts of petroleum and natural gas will remain underground, it will be energetically and economically impossible to extract. In the United States, coal supplies could be available for as long as 40–50 years, depending on how rapidly coal is utilized as a replacement for petroleum and natural gas. Having been comfortable with the security provided...
Annual Report
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A Rainfall Rate Sensor
An instrument designed to measure rainfall rate accurately with fine time resolution is described. Rain water passes from a collector into a reservoir formed between two concentric electrodes while it empties from the reservoir through a small nozzle at its base. Thus, the water depth in the reservoir is related to the inflow or rainfall rate and determines the capacitance between the electrodes. An oscillator having the electrodes as capacitance elements translates the depth changes into frequency variations. The equations relating rainfall rate to frequency are developed and their relevance to the design of the instrument for various specific applications is stressed. Results from laboratory tests as well as actual rainfall measurements are given.
