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Electron Temperature Derived from Measurements of Complex Plasma Impedance
In earlier work, using a network analyzer, we have shown the existence of collisionless resistance (CR) in the sheath of spherical probe when driven by a small RF signal. For any position in the sheath, the CR was shown to be inversely proportional to the plasma density gradient there; but to exist only when the applied frequency corresponds to the plasma frequency (omega sub pe), or density, at that position. We have recently begun a study of the low-to-intermediate frequency response of the probe to the RF signal. At sufficiently low frequencies, the CR is beyond cutoff, i.e., since the earlier work shows that the existence of CR depends on the plasma density gradient, there is a cutoff wh...
Thermal and Hyperthermal Electron Distributions in the Midnight Sector of the Winter Topside Ionosphere
A gridded spherical electrostatic analyzer aboard Injun 5 has been used to measure fluxes of thermal and hyperthermal electrons at sub-auroral latitude in the midnight sector of the northern ionosphere between altitudes of 2500 and 850 km. Due to the offset between the geomagnetic and geographic poles, hyperthermal fluxes consisting of energetic photoelectrons that have escaped from the sunlit southern hemisphere are observed along orbits over the Atlantic Ocean and North America but not over Asia. The ambient electron temperatures near 2500 km have their highest values at trough latitudes for all longitudes. Based on these observations it is concluded that: At trough latitudes, elevated electron temperatures in the topside ionosphere are produced by sources other than conjugate photoelectrons, Equatorward of the trough in the Atlantic Ocean, North American longitude sector conjugate photoelectrons contribute significantly to the heating of electrons in the topside ionosphere. Much of the photoelectron energy is deposited at altitudes greater than 2500 km, then conducted along magnetic field lines into the ionosphere.
Ionization in High-Temperature Gases
Ionization in High-Temperature Gases
Theoretical Treatment of Electron Emission and Related Phenomena
This book introduces readers to the physics governing electron emission under high voltages and temperatures, and highlights recent modeling and numerical developments for describing these phenomena. It begins with a brief introduction, presenting several applications that have driven electron emission research in the last few decades. The authors summarize the most relevant theories including the physics of thermo-field electron emission and the main characteristic parameters. Based on these theories, they subsequently describe numerical multi-physics models and discuss the main findings on the effect of space charges, emitter geometry, pulse duration, etc. Beyond the well-known photoelectr...
