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As an upbeat and peaceful uprising quickly and brutally descended into a zero-sum civil war, Syria has crumbled from a regional player into an arena in which a multitude of local and foreign actors compete. The volatile regional fault lines that run through Syria have ruptured during this conflict, and the course of events in this fragile yet strategically significant country will profoundly shape the future of the Levant.
"This Adelphi volume brings together senior scholars as well as rising analysts of Egypt to examine the tumultuous period from the January 2011 uprising against Hosni Mubarak, via the election and ouster of Muhammad Morsi, to the consolidation of presidential power under Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi by late 2015. The nine authors provide a sober, in-depth look at the country's contested politics, institutional and political players, struggling economy, constant foreign policy and evolving security challenges." --Back cover.
"An IISS (International Institute of Strategic Studies) publication."
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Syria's desire to acquire weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is shaped by the perceived imbalance of power with Israel but also by a volatile regional environment. As a result, Syria has overcome resource scarcity and other structural constraints to build a significant chemical weapons arsenal, develop missile capabilities and, to the surprise of many, build a nuclear reactor. The European Union (EU) has attempted to offer economic and political incentives to encourage a gradual Syrian shift away from WMD as part of a greater effort to moderate Syria. However, Syrian strategic thinking, concerned with the regional balance of power and confrontation with the United States and Israel, appears to have largely ignored the EU.
Survival, the IISS’s bimonthly journal, challenges conventional wisdom and brings fresh, often controversial, perspectives on strategic issues of the moment. In this issue: Lawrence Freedman assesses Russia’s nuclear red line and how Vladimir Putin’s views compare to those of Russian pundits Steven Simon and Jonathan Stevenson explore the roots of Hamas’s attack on Israel on 7 October, and the options available to the United States for restraining the Israeli government Charlie Laderman assesses the similarities between December 1941 – when Germany and Japan, determining it to be inevitable, declared war on the US – and the ongoing geopolitical crises governments face today Sara Bjerg Moller reflects on NATO allies’ failure to deliver on national collective-defence targets as the Alliance approaches its 75th anniversary Lynn Kuok explores China’s reshaping of international law to achieve its strategic goals, and other countries’ failure to do so And seven more thought-provoking pieces, as well as our regular Book Reviews and Noteworthy column. Editor: Dr Dana Allin Managing Editor: Jonathan Stevenson Associate Editor: Carolyn West Editorial Assistant: Conor Hodges