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Debt-for-Climate Swaps: Analysis, Design, and Implementation
This paper compares debt-for-climate swaps—partial debt relief operations conditional on debtor commitments to undertake climate-related investments—to alternative fiscal support instruments. Because some of the benefits of debt-climate swaps accrue to non-participating creditors, they are generally less efficient forms of support than conditional grants and/or broad debt restructuring (which could be linked to climate adaptation when the latter significantly reduces credit risk). This said, debt-climate swaps could be superior to conditional grants when they can be structured in a way that makes the climate commitment de facto senior to debt service; and they could be superior to compre...
4--Edzo Bindels, Ruurd Gietema, Henk Hartzema, Arjan Klok
In 1999 the Rotterdam-Maaskant Prize for Young Architects was awarded to Edzo Bindels, Ruurd Gietema, Henk Hartzema and Arjan Klok. In this publication they describe various schemes they have made for designing the Netherlands. The book is divided into three sections: the first traces the path taken by Dutch urban design since 1966 and the position the quartet of winners occupy in its evolution. Part two documents four projects. In the third part key figures and clients from the world of spatial planning are drawn on their opinions, dreams, ambitions, experiences and resolutions as these relate to the issues raised in the four schemes.
Lung Diseases and Cancer
The coexistence of lung disease and cancer in the same person is a frequent occurrence. Evidence suggests that this coexistence sometimes goes beyond chance; in fact, both disease types are associated and the presence of one can be a risk factor or a protective factor for the other. In this Monograph, the Guest Editors bring together renowned clinical and scientific experts to provide an exhaustive review of the bidirectional relationship between respiratory diseases and cancer (not just lung cancer). The chapters: explore the common causal pathways of cancer and lung disease; consider the diseases from an epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic point of view; and discuss the many ways in which they interact to influence patient management. The result is a book that will generate a better understanding of this relationship, giving rise to a greater awareness of the possible development of lung disease in people with cancer, and of the different types of cancer that are frequently seen in those with lung diseases.
Monetary Policy in Disaster-Prone Developing Countries
This paper analyzes monetary policy regimes in emerging and developing economies where climate-related natural disasters are major macroeconomic shocks. A narrative analysis of IMF reports published around the occurrence of natural disasters documents their impact on important macroeconomic variables and monetary policy responses. While countries with at least some degree of monetary policy independence typically react by tightening the monetary policy stance, in a sizable number of cases monetary policy was accommodated. Given the lack of consensus on best practices in these circumstances, a small open-economy New-Keynesian model with disaster shocks is leveraged to evaluate welfare under alternative monetary policy rules. Results suggest that responding to inflation to an extent sufficient to keep inflation expectations anchored, while allowing temporary deviations from its target is the welfare maximizing policy. Alternative regimes such as strict inflation targeting, exchange rate pegs, or Taylor rules explicitly responding to economic activity or the exchange rate would be welfare-detrimental.
Staff Guidance Note on the Sovereign Risk and Debt Sustainability Framework for Market Access Countries
This note provides operational guidance for the use of the Sovereign Risk and Debt Sustainability Framework (SRDSF), which replaces the Debt Sustainability Framework for Market Access Countries. The SRDSF introduces improvements in organization, methodology, transparency, and communication when analyzing public debt issues in countries that mainly finance themselves with market-based debt. After its phased adoption beginning [June 2022], it will become the Fund’s principal tool for assessing public debt sustainability.
International Debt Report 2023
The International Debt Report (IDR) is a longstanding annual publication of the World Bank featuring external debt statistics and analysis for the 122 countries that report to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. IDR 2023 is the 50th annual edition and includes (1) analyses of external debt stocks and flows as of end-2022 for these countries; (2) the macroeconomic and debt outlook for 2023 and beyond; (3) a focus on improved public debt transparency and the quality of debt reporting; (4) a discussion of the need for innovative approaches to debt management; (5) a commentary on how the International Debt Statistics database serves as an indispensable resource for researchers and policy mak...
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017
This publication notes that although a modest global recovery is projected for 2017-18, the world economy has not yet emerged from the period of slow growth, characterised by weak investment, dwindling trade and flagging productivity growth. The report highlights that there is a need to redouble efforts to bring the global economy back on a stronger and more inclusive growth path and create an international economic environment that is conducive to sustainable development. This is the definitive report of the United Nations on the state of the world economy. It is jointly published by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the five United Nations Regional Commissions.
IMF Programs and Financial Flows to Offshore Centers
This paper examines whether IMF lending is associated with increases in outflows to offshore financial centers (OFCs), known for bank secrecy and asset protection, relative to other international destinations. Using quarterly data from the BIS on bilateral bank deposits, we are unable to detect any positive and statistically significant effect of IMF loan disbursements on bank deposits in OFCs. The result holds even after restricting the sample to the duration of the IMF program, where disbursement quarters and non-disbursement quarters should be subject to similar degrees of macroeconomic stress. It is also robust to using the scheduled tranche of disbursements as an instrument for actual disbursements. While the effects vary by the type and conditionality of the IMF program, as well as the amount of lending, none of the effects are found to be positive and statistically significant. We also estimate whether the recent surge in emergency lending, during the Covid-19 crisis, is associated with an increase in outflows to OFCs but find no evidence to support this.
The Big Push for Transformation Through Climate and Development
The High-Level Advisory Group (HLAG) on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth came together to provide policy analysis and practical proposals for actions that could help countries secure a strong recovery from the pandemic and a successful green transition. This report pulls together key findings from the deliberations and provides actionable recommendations to support a pathway to green, resilient, and inclusive development (GRID). The HLAG started by assessing the scale and nature of investment and financing challenges. It was immediately clear that investment needs require rapid and sustained scaling up: conservative estimates presented to the HLAG by Bhattacharya et al. (2022) suggest that EMDEs other than China have aggregate investment and development spending needs on the order of at least $1.3 trillion per year by 2025 and $3.5 trillion per year by 2030.
