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The Defining Moment
In contemporary American political discourse, issues related to the scope, authority, and the cost of the federal government are perennially at the center of discussion. Any historical analysis of this topic points directly to the Great Depression, the "moment" to which most historians and economists connect the origins of the fiscal, monetary, and social policies that have characterized American government in the second half of the twentieth century. In the most comprehensive collection of essays available on these topics, The Defining Moment poses the question directly: to what extent, if any, was the Depression a watershed period in the history of the American economy? This volume organiz...
The Evolution of the Financial Stability Mandate
We investigate the origins and growth of the Financial Stability Mandate (FSM) to examine why bank supervisors, inside and outside of central banks succeeded or failed to meet their FSM. Three issues inform this study: (1) what drives changes in the FSM, (2) whether supervision should be conducted within the central bank or in independent agencies and (3) whether supervision should be rules- or discretion/principles-based. As histories of bank supervision are few, we focus on the history of six countries where there is sufficient information, three in Europe (England, France, and Italy) and three in the New World (U.S., Canada, and Colombia) to highlight the essential developments in the FSM. While there was a common evolutionary path, the development of FSM in each individual country was determined by how quickly each adapted to changes in the technology of the means of payment and their political economy, including their disposition towards competitive markets and openness to the world economy.
The Regulation and Reform of the American Banking System, 1900-1929
Examining the regulation of banking in the United States between 1900 and the Great Depression, Eugene Nelson White shows how Congress and the state legislatures tried to strengthen the banking system by creating new institutions, rather than by changing nineteenth-century laws that perpetuated the unit structure of the banking industry. Originally published in 1983. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
The Comptroller and the Transformation of American Banking, 1960-1990
Covers the history of the oversight of the American banking industry by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), beginning in 1960 and continuing to 1990. It begins with a discussion of the OCC in 1960 -- regulation and supervision under the New Deal regime, and continues with an examination of the beginning of the banking revolution, 1960-72; the crisis years, 1973-75; revitalizing the OCC, 1975-80; and the challenge of the 1980s. Extensive bibliography. Photos, tables and figures.
Crashes and Panics
Includes index. Papers of a conference held at the Salomon Brothers Center for Study of Financial Institutions at New York University's Stern School of Business in Oct., 1988.
Housing and Mortgage Markets in Historical Perspective
The central role of the housing market in the recent recession raised a series of questions about similar episodes throughout economic history. Were the underlying causes of housing and mortgage crises the same in earlier episodes? Has the onset and spread of crises changed over time? How have previous policy interventions either damaged or improved long-run market performance and stability? This volume begins to answer these questions, providing a much-needed context for understanding recent events by examining how historical housing and mortgage markets worked—and how they sometimes failed. Renowned economic historians Eugene N. White, Kenneth Snowden, and Price Fishback survey the foundational research on housing crises, comparing that of the 1930s to that of the early 2000s in order to authoritatively identify what contributed to each crisis. Later chapters explore notable historical experiences with mortgage securitization and the role that federal policy played in the surge in home ownership between 1940 and 1960. By providing a broad historical overview of housing and mortgage markets, the volume offers valuable new insights to inform future policy debates.
Paying for Hitler's War
Paying for Hitler's War is a comparative economic study of twelve Nazi-occupied countries during World War II.
"To establish a more effective supervision of banking" : how the birth of the Fed altered bank supervision
Although bank supervision under the National Banking System exercised a light hand and panics were frequent, depositor losses were minimal. Double liability induced shareholders to carefully monitor bank managers and voluntarily liquidate banks early if they appeared to be in trouble. Inducing more disclosure, marking assets to market, and ensuring prompt closure of insolvent national banks, the Comptroller of the Currency reinforced market discipline. The arrival of the Federal Reserve weakened this regime. Monetary policy decisions conflicted with the goal of financial stability and created moral hazard. The appearance of the Fed as an additional supervisor led to more "competition in laxity" among regulators and "regulatory arbitrage" by banks. When the Great Depression hit, policy-induced deflation and asset price volatility were misdiagnosed as failures of competition and market valuation. In response, the New Deal shifted to a regime of discretion-based supervision with forbearance.
Stock Market Crashes and Speculative Manias
A collection of articles published between the 1920s and the 1990s on speculative manias and stock market crashes, highlighting their similarities. Looks at the mania for tulips in Holland in the 17th century, schemes to refinance government debt in 18th-century France and Britain, the volatile American stock and real estate markets of the 19th century, and parallels between the stock market crashes of 1929 and 1987. Raises basic questions about the stability of capital markets and the potential for regulation. No index. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
"To Establish a More Effective Sof Banking"
Although bank supervision under the National Banking System exercised a light hand and panics were frequent, depositor losses were minimal. Double liability induced shareholders to carefully monitor bank managers and voluntarily liquidate banks early if they appeared to be in trouble. Inducing more disclosure, marking assets to market, and ensuring prompt closure of insolvent national banks, the Comptroller of the Currency reinforced market discipline. The arrival of the Federal Reserve weakened this regime. Monetary policy decisions conflicted with the goal of financial stability and created moral hazard. The appearance of the Fed as an additional supervisor led to more "competition in laxity" among regulators and "regulatory arbitrage" by banks. When the Great Depression hit, policy-induced deflation and asset price volatility were misdiagnosed as failures of competition and market valuation. In response, the New Deal shifted to a regime of discretion-based supervision with forbearance.
