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The solar coronal exosphere (fixed at a level where the mean free path is comparable with the scale height) is shown to act like the sheath in a laboratory discharge, that builds up an excess positive charge and electric field. Equality of flux for the charged particles (protons and electrons) at the exosphere is assumed. The value of exospheric electric potential makes the protons virtually weightless. The exospheric sheath potential accelerates the thermal protons to a velocity of 258 km/sec, with which they coast to the earth. The proton density in transit varies approximately as the inverse square law. Higher velocities and densities are obtained for higher coronal temperatures. An estimate of the exospheric transition region is obtained by applying the hydrodynamic theory of ambipolar diffusion in a gravitational field to the observed coronal density distribution. (Author).
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Offers an authoritative synthesis of knowledge of the planet Mercury after the MESSENGER mission, for researchers and students in planetary science.
This fascinating book reviews the progress made in Mercury studies since the flybys by Mariner 10 in 1974-75. Thus far, it is the only book on Mercury which balances a wide range of Earth-based observations, made under difficult conditions, with the only available space-based data. The text is based on continued research using the Mariner 10 archive, on observations from Earth, and on increasingly realistic models of this mysterious planet’s interior evolution.
The Encyclopedia of the Solar System, Third Edition—winner of the 2015 PROSE Award in Cosmology & Astronomy from the Association of American Publishers—provides a framework for understanding the origin and evolution of the solar system, historical discoveries, and details about planetary bodies and how they interact—with an astounding breadth of content and breathtaking visual impact. The encyclopedia includes the latest explorations and observations, hundreds of color digital images and illustrations, and over 1,000 pages. It stands alone as the definitive work in this field, and will serve as a modern messenger of scientific discovery and provide a look into the future of our solar s...
Introduce kids to the geological and astronomical wonders of Earth with this interactive, layer-by-layer guide. There is so much more to our planet than meets the eye. Beneath our feet, Earth continues for nearly 4,000 miles. Our atmosphere reaches around 6,000 miles above our heads. With Inside Out Earth, children can look into the very core of Earth and out into the reaches of the galaxy. A layered 3-D model of Earth's inner and outer layers centers the book, introducing readers to what's both beneath and above the planet's surface. Through engaging illustrations, photos, and text, Inside Out Earth explores: The layers inside our planet Layers of the atmosphere Earth's relationship to other planets Natural phenomena such as aurora borealis and meteorites And more! Our planet is constantly changing. Inside Out Earth helps kids to understand the many amazing systems that keep planet Earth spinning and life thriving. Also in the Inside Out Series: Inside Out Dragon, Inside Out T-Rex, Inside Out Pirate Ship, Inside Out Human Brain, Inside Out Shark, Inside Out Volcano
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