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Knowledge generation and transfer mechanisms are being transformed in important and controversial ways. Investment in research and development has increased in response to recognition that scientific productivity is tightly connected to economic dynamism. Patent protection has been expanded in order to stimulate higher levels of private investment. Intellectual property rights held by public organizations and researchers are now increasingly transferred to private organizations to accelerate the diffusion and enhance the value of knowledge produced by public agencies and universities. Additionally, new institutions such as university offices of technology transfer, venture capital markets, a...
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The classic reference work that provides annually updated information on the countries of the world.
As humans, we have remarkable capacity to collaborate, building global infrastructure that connects financial, political and social systems. However, having scaled our infrastructure globally, planetary boundaries have been exceeded in multiple directions. To protect Earth, we now face a task to transition both philosophically and technologically to lifestyles that seek to restore critical functions of natural ecosystems so that we, and other species on the planet, can survive. This is a mammoth challenge that will require changes in the jobs of hundreds of millions of people and a shift in ethic and legislation toward ecological protection and restoration. This book explores the motivations of human society, our global infrastructure and legislation. It highlights various systems and challenges that are contributing to ecosystem and species loss, and documents some of the solutions being offered. The interconnectivity of all these things is evident given the overlapping themes throughout the various sections, and the book serves to collectively highlight some of these major challenges and the locked-in nature of our systems so that we can address them.
The quarter century from 1964 to 1989 was the "time of the generals," the most clearly defined era of military rule and influence in the history of Latin America. The effects of this rule were most evident in Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Chile, where French- and German-style military professionalism developed into professional militarism. Frederick M. Nunn shows that the mentality of Latin American generals is typical of a worldwide military ethos but that its application is unique in the context of individual countries. In detailing the pervasiveness of this ethos worldwide, Nunn enables a better understanding of the willingness of Latin American military leaders to intervene in government, and of their activities once in power.