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Covering Portugal and Castile in the West to the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the East, this collection focuses on Muslim minorities living in Christian lands during the high Middle Ages, and examines to what extent notions of religious tolerance influenced Muslim-Christian relations. The authors call into question the applicability of modern ideas of toleration to medieval social relations, investigating the situation instead from the standpoint of human experience within the two religious cultures. Whereas this study offers no evidence of an evolution of coherent policy concerning treatment of minorities in these Christian domains, it does reveal how religious ideas and communitarian trad...
This is the twentieth in the annual series assessing major development issues. The report is devoted to the role and effectiveness of the state:what it should do, how it should do it, and how it can improve in a rapidly changing world. Governments with both centrally-planned and mixed economies are shrinking their market role because of failed state interventions. This report takes an opposite stance:that state's role in the institutional environment underlying the economy, that is, its ability to enforce a rule of law to underpin transactions, is vital to making government contribute more effectively to development. It argues against reducing government to a minimalist state, explaining that development requires an effective state that plays a facilitator role in encouraging and complementing the activities of private businesses and individuals. The report presents a state reform framework strategy:First, focus the state's activities to match its capabilities; and second, look for ways to improve the state's capability by re-invigorating public institutions. Successful and unsuccessful examples of states and state reform provide illustrations.
Danilo, jovem de classe alta, vive com sua família no interior da Bahia. Sua vida segue tranquila entre os estudos e a preparação para ser o administrador da empresa do pai. Tudo muda na noite de seu aniversário de dezoito anos. Ao ouvir uma conversa entre o pai e a tia, Danilo descobre seu misterioso passado... Como Deus permitiu que tamanha tragédia se abatesse sobre ele? Sem estrutura emocional para digerir aquela revelação, perdido em pensamentos sombrios, com segredos não revelados por aqueles que mais amava, vai até as docas a fim de cometer suicídio. Quando pretendia concluir seu intento e se jogar ao mar, uma mulher misteriosa aparece à sua frente... Entre lances emocionantes e revelações que nos surpreendem, vamos acompanhá-lo e descobrir quais surpresas encontrará nesta trajetória.
This report is devoted to the role and effectiveness of the state: what the state should do, how it should do it, and how it can do it better in a rapidly changing world. The pathways to an effective state are many and varied. The report provides a framework for guiding these efforts, in the form of a two-part strategy. The first part of the strategy is to focus the state's activities to match its capability. Many states try to do too much with few resources and little capability. Getting governments better focused on the core public activities that are crucial to development will enhance their effectiveness. The second part of the strategy is to look for ways to improve the state's capabili...
In Europeans and Africans Michał Tymowski analyses the cultural and organizational aspects of contacts of both sides on the West African coast in the 15th and early 16th centuries, and the creation of the image of ‘other’ – African for Europeans, and European for Africans.
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