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Metal clusters are on the brink between molecules and nanoparticles in size. With molecular, nano-scale, metallic as well as non-metallic aspects, metal clusters are a growing, interdisciplinary field with numerous potential applications in chemistry, catalysis, materials and nanotechnology. This third volume in the series of hot topics from inorganic chemistry covers all recent developments in the field of metal clusters, with some 20 contributions providing an in-depth view. The result is a unique perspective, illustrating all facets of this interdisciplinary area: * Inter-electron Repulsion and Irregularities in the Chemistry of Transition Series * Stereochemical Activity of Lone Pairs in...
In this study, the tools that measure the similarity, distance and the degree of fuzziness of Q-neutrosophic soft sets are presented. The definitions of distance, similarity and measures of entropy are introduced. Some formulas for Q-neutrosophic soft entropy were presented. The known Hamming, Euclidean and their normalized distances are generalized to make them well matched with the idea of Q-neutrosophic soft set. The distance measure is subsequently used to define the measure of similarity. Lastly, we expound three applications of the measures of Q-neutrosophic soft sets by applying entropy and the similarity measure to a medical diagnosis and decision making problems.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most frequent chronic diseases affecting children and adolescents. The number of young children being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes is increasing worldwide and an epidemic of type 2 diabetes already at a young age is being observed in most societies around the world. In this book, leading experts from the USA, Europe and Israel provide a state-of-the-art summary of today's knowledge in the field of pediatric and adolescent diabetes. A number of excellent chapters deliver insight into the basic understanding of which factors contribute to or prevent the development of diabetes in young people. Other contributions provide tools for the clinician to manage the care of the child and adolescent with diabetes. In addition, knowledge from the latest scientific studies on the molecular biology of diabetes is also presented. Providing a summary of the most recent scientific discoveries related to pediatric and adolescent diabetes, this volume will be of special interest to pediatricians, endocrinologists and health care specialists who work with children suffering from the disease.
Zadeh's fuzzy set theory incorporates the impreciseness of data and evaluations, by imputting the degrees by which each object belongs to a set. Its success fostered theories that codify the subjectivity, uncertainty, imprecision, or roughness of the evaluations. Their rationale is to produce new flexible methodologies in order to model a variety of concrete decision problems more realistically. This Special Issue garners contributions addressing novel tools, techniques and methodologies for decision making (inclusive of both individual and group, single- or multi-criteria decision making) in the context of these theories. It contains 38 research articles that contribute to a variety of setups that combine fuzziness, hesitancy, roughness, covering sets, and linguistic approaches. Their ranges vary from fundamental or technical to applied approaches.
This volume introduces equivariant homotopy, homology, and cohomology theory, along with various related topics in modern algebraic topology. It explains the main ideas behind some of the most striking recent advances in the subject. The works begins with a development of the equivariant algebraic topology of spaces culminating in a discussion of the Sullivan conjecture that emphasizes its relationship with classical Smith theory. The book then introduces equivariant stable homotopy theory, the equivariant stable homotopy category, and the most important examples of equivariant cohomology theories. The basic machinery that is needed to make serious use of equivariant stable homotopy theory is presented next, along with discussions of the Segal conjecture and generalized Tate cohomology. Finally, the book gives an introduction to "brave new algebra", the study of point-set level algebraic structures on spectra and its equivariant applications. Emphasis is placed on equivariant complex cobordism, and related results on that topic are presented in detail.
This volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Graph Drawing, GD 2009, held in Chicago, USA, during September 2009. The 31 revised full papers and 4 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected out of 79 submissions. Furthermore, 10 posters were accepted in a separate submission process.
Advances in Software Science and Technology, Volume 2 provides information pertinent to the advancement of the science and technology of computer software. This book discusses the various applications for computer systems. Organized into four parts encompassing 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of categorical frameworks that are widely used to represent data types in computer science. This text then provides an algorithm for generating vertices of a smoothed polygonal line from the vertices of a digital curve or polygonal curve whose position contains a certain amount of error. Other chapters consider a system that automatically synthesizes a program from a specification written in natural language. The final chapter deals with the rules for submission of English papers that will be published, which includes papers that are reports of academic research by members of the Society. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and research workers.
Biomedical research is the first step towards the creation of new medications and treatments that help to manage different types of health conditions and diseases. The prevention and cure of diseases would be practically impossible without such type of research. Although the drug discovery and development processes are far too costly, time-consuming, prone to failure, and have low success rate, today the term "translational research or medicine" seems to have become trendy, yet it is insufficient. The present book is a sincere attempt by dedicated researchers to convey the importance of translational biomedical research, medicine, and disease, primarily, basic and clinical difficulties in th...
This book presents the select proceedings of the International Conference on Structures, Materials and Construction (ICSMC 2021). It covers the recent developments and futuristic trends in the field of structural engineering and construction management, including new building materials and understanding their behavior. The topic covered also assess the current progress and state-of-the-art techniques in structural experimentation, smart materials, structures technology, principles of construction management, materials properties and characterization. The collection of papers included in this proceeding will contribute to scientific developments in the field of structural engineering and construction and will be a useful as reference material for the academicians, researchers and most importantly the student community pursuing research in the fields of structural engineering and construction technology.
Plithogenic set is an extension of the crisp set, fuzzy set, intuitionistic fuzzy set, and neutrosophic sets, whose elements are characterized by one or more attributes, and each attribute can assume many values. Each attribute has a corresponding degree of appurtenance of the element to the set with respect to the given criteria. In order to obtain a better accuracy and for a more exact exclusion (partial order), a contradiction or dissimilarity degree is defined between each attribute value and the dominant attribute value. In this paper, entropy measures for plithogenic sets have been introduced.