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Contract Teachers and Student Achievement in Rural China
For schooling to play an important role in the development of human capital, the system of education needs to provide quality education, which among other things requires high-quality teachers. Facing fiscal constraints and growing enrolments, school systems in developing countries often supplement their teaching staff by hiring contract teachers. However, there is limited evidence on how the effectiveness of these teachers compares to that of civil service teachers. We use a dataset from rural primary schools in western China to estimate the causal effect of contract teachers on student achievement and find that gains in student scores on standardised examinations in mathematics and Chinese...
Temporal Dynamics of Reward Processing in Humans: From Anticipation to Consummation
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Out of the Crucible
Out of the Crucible offers an illuminating study of the novels and short stories relating to the lives of Chinese urban youth who were dispatched to rural areas to live the peasants' life during the second phase of the Cultural Revolution. This comprehensive achievement covers the works, authors, themes, characters, and plots of zhiqing literary writing from the late nineteen-seventies to the late nineteen-nineties. The book demonstrates the historical, political, social and humanistic significance of the urban youths' rural experience.
Electrophysiological Precursor of Information Cascade
When a sequence of decision makers with private information announce public predictions, initial conformity can create an information cascade in which all future decision makers will rationally match the early announcements and disregard private information. This study uses event-related potentials (ERPs) to compare the time course of neural activities associated with information cascade during sequential decision-making. In our experiment, a participant receives a private signal matched with public information in the congruent condition, while in the incongruent condition he or she receives a private signal against the public information. The results show that the conflict between private and public information triggers a more negative deflection peaking around 300 ms, with a right frontal scalp distribution similar to N200. Importantly, the N200 effect is negatively correlated with information cascade. These results add to the growing literature on neuronal mechanisms of information cascades by disentangling cognitive control related processes in inhibiting overweighting private information and the neural signal of a cascade in sequential decision-making.
Brain Stimulation and Behavioral Change
The eBook entitled “Brain Stimulation and Behavioral Change” is a collection of articles about the use of transcranial electric stimulation (tES) to change behaviors and face pathological conditions, to enhance cognition and to explore cerebral functions using safe and non-invasive brain modulation techniques. The tESs include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternate current stimulation (tACS), and, due to the way it induces changes in the brain, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). The use of tES has recently exploded. Certainly, one reason for this explosion of research is that it is a cheap way to change behavior. However, on the other hand, we still ...
GB/T 20234.1-2023 Translated English of Chinese Standard (GB/T 20234.1-2023, GBT20234.1-2023)
This document specifies the technical requirements for voltage and current ratings, appearance, structure, environmental adaptability, electrical performance, and mechanical performance of connection set for conductive charging of electric vehicles. It describes the test conditions, test methods, inspection items and other inspection requirements for connection set for conductive charging of electric vehicles. The document is applicable to AC charging connection set with a frequency of 50 Hz, a rated voltage not exceeding AC 690 V, and a rated current not exceeding 250 A for conductive charging of electric vehicles, as well as DC charging connection set with rated voltage not exceeding DC 15...
Hybridity in Translated Chinese
This book investigates the characteristics of hybridity in Chinese texts that have been translated from English. It also explores the potential impact of translation and hybridity on written Chinese over the past 70 years. It suggests that English-Chinese translations have introduced more and more hybrid structures into Chinese. This book can help us with understanding language change and development, and it can also shed new light on the translation process and help identify translation norms.
