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Sanitation and intestinal health is something we often take for granted today. However, people living in many regions of the developing world still suffer with debilitating diseases due to the lack of sanitation. Despite its clear impact upon health in modern times, sanitation in past populations is a topic that has received surprisingly little attention. This book brings together key experts from around the world to explore fascinating aspects of life in the past relevant to sanitation, and how that affected our ancestors. By its end readers will realize that toilets were in use in ancient Mesopotamia even before the invention of writing, and that flushing toilets with anatomic seats were a...
By examining Greek-alphabet Oscan inscriptions, this book shines light on the linguistics, bilingualism and epigraphy of ancient Southern Italy.
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Despite her status as one of history's most important women, the story of Galla Placidia's life has been largely forgotten. Though the Roman empress witnessed the decline and fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and lived a life of almost constant suffering, her actions helped postpone the fall of Rome and had massive, widespread impact on the empire that can still be felt today. She watched the barbarian king Alaric and his horde of Visigoth warriors sack Rome, slaughter many of the city's inhabitants, and take her hostage. Surviving captivity, Galla Placidia became the queen of the barbarians who had imprisoned her. Eventually, she became the only woman to rule the Roman empire alone. Soldiers obeyed her commands while Popes and Christian saints alike sought her advice. Despite all obstacles and likely suffering from what we now know as PTSD, she lived to an old age by the standards of the time. This book uses the letters and writings of Galla Placidia's contemporaries to reconstruct, in more depth and detail than has previously been attempted, the remarkable story of her life and the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Stellungnahmen dreier bedeutender altkirchlicher Autoren zur Frage nach der Haltung des vorkonstantinischen Christentums zum Heeresdienst von Christen: Tertullian, Origenes und Clemens Alexandrinus. Dabei gilt das besondere Augenmerk ihrer Interpretation vor dem Hintergrund der Konventionen antiker Rhetorik und im Rahmen ihres jeweiligen argumentativen Gesamtzusammenhangs. Es zeigt sich am Beispiel der behandelten Autoren, dass es im Christentum der Jahre zwischen 200–250 n. Chr. eine lebhafte Diskussion gab, ob Christen Soldaten und Soldaten Christen werden durften. Dabei erweisen sich die konkreten Aussagen jedes Autors als rhetorisch reflektiert und...