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Pathophysiology and epidemiology of virus-induced asthma
Virus-caused asthma, we now call a phenotype of asthma. Regardless of the significance and popularity of this disease, the etiology of the virus-induced asthma have not well understood. In addition, a few effective vaccines have been applied to prevent respiratory virus infection. To solve the issues, it is essential to clarify and delineate both aspects of the virus and host defense systems including acute/chronic inflammation and airway tissue remodeling. To deeply review and discuss pathophysiology and epidemiology of virus-induced asthma, this topics includes new findings of the host immunity, pathology, epidemiology, and virology of asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We believe that these works are well summarized and informative to glimpse the field of virus- associated asthma and COPD, and may help understanding the basic and clinical aspects of the diseases.
Scientific Directory and Annual Bibliography
Each issue lists papers published during the preceding year.
Structural Biology for Virus Research
Viruses are absolutely and strictly dependent on target host cells for their replication. However, they have their own unique strategies at each replication step from the entry into cells, transcription, translation, assembly of viral genome/proteins, and up to the release of progeny virions from cells. We virologists have to understand these complex biological interactions between viruses and host cells. Importantly, extensive studies based on bio-structural technology have revealed in succession the detailed and bottom line mechanisms of viral replication processes otherwise impossible. We now know the highly dynamic nature of viral genome/proteins, and are impressed by their ingeniously o...
Animal model studies on viral infections
Understanding viral replication and pathogenicity properties in infected individuals is a major mission of animal virology. Animal models are essential to analyze the in vivo viral characteristics and to develop countermeasures against viruses. To fight against a wide variety of viruses, basic studies with specific and/ or common approaches are required. This Research Topic collects articles that describe studies on numerous virus species at various stages toward animal experiments: (i) description/evaluation/ new challenges of animal model studies; (ii) experimental material/methods for animal model studies; (iii) observations for upcoming animal model studies. Numbers of DNA and RNA viruses such as HHV-6, HPV, Ebola virus, HCV, dengue virus, HTLV-1, HIV-1, SIV, and measles virus are covered by this special issue consisting of original research, methods, review, mini-review, and opinion articles. All readers would understand, we believe and hope, that animal model studies are critical for current virology as always.
Highly Mutable Animal RNA Viruses: Adaptation and Evolution
Viruses are widely present in nature, and numerous viral species with a variety of unique characteristics have been identified so far. Even now, new emerging or re-emerging viruses are being found or re-found as novel viral classes or as quasi-species. Indeed, viruses are everywhere. Of note, viruses are pivotal as targets and tools of basic and applied sciences. On one hand, portions of the viruses are infectious for animals including humans, and cause various diseases in infected hosts by distinct mechanisms and at a different level of severity. While many of viruses are known to co-exist quietly with their hosts, pathogenic viruses certainly affect and threaten our society as well as indi...
Viral Replication Cycle - From Pathogenesis and Immune Response to Diagnosis and Therapy
Viruses pose a huge burden on public health systems and the economy worldwide. In the case of humans, viruses make up about two-thirds of all new human pathogens. Both DNA and RNA viruses can cause acute, persistent, or latent infections, as they can integrate their genome into the host DNA, such as the endogenous retroviruses, which can be associated with a wide variety of cancers in animals and humans. In recent years, viruses have emerged not only as a health threat but also as a potential alternative for producing new diagnostic tools as well as prophylactic/therapeutic approaches to defeat viral diseases. This book provides a broadly comprehensive series of reviews describing the replication strategies used for both DNA and RNA viruses, their interaction with the host immune system, and their potential role in tumorigenicity and cancer immunotherapy as applied to various viruses of critical relevance for human or animal diseases.
