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Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur) contains the memoirs of Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur (14831530), the founder of the Mughal Empire in India and a great-great-great-grandson of Timur. It is an autobiographical work, written in Turki, the spoken language of the Andijan-Timurids. The prose, though highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology and vocabulary, makes an interesting read. It is a widely translated work and is part of textbooks in over 25 countries, mostly in Central, Western, and Southern Asia. It was first translated by John Leyden and William Erskine, and later by the British orientalist scholar, Annette Susannah Beveridge (1842-1929). The book (in two volumes) describes Babur's fluctuating fortunes as a minor ruler in Central Asia, in which he took and lost Samarkand twice, and his move to Kabul in 1504. There is a break in the manuscript for 12 years starting from 1508. By 1519, Babur was established in Kabul and from there he launched an invasion into Northwestern India. The final section of the book covers the years 1525 to 1529 and the establishment of the Mughal empire in India, where Babur's descendants ruled for three centuries.
A new interpretation of the Mughal Empire explores Mughal state formation through the pivotal role of its princes.
This catalogue decribes in a detailed and systematic way the rich and varied collection of Turkish manuscripts preserved in the John Rylands University Library in Manchester.
The Mughal empire was one of the largest centralized states in the premodern world and this volume traces the history of this magnificent empire from its creation in 1526 to its breakup in 1720. Richards stresses the dynamic quality of Mughal territorial expansion, their institutional innovations in land revenue, coinage and military organization, ideological change and the relationship between the emperors and Islam. He also analyzes institutions particular to the Mughal empire, such as the jagir system, and explores Mughal India's links with the early modern world.
While in a Russian-administered holding camp in Katowice, Poland, in 1945, Primo Levi was asked to provide a report on living conditions in Auschwitz. Published the following year, it was subsequently forgotten and remained unknown to a wider public. Dating from the weeks and months immediately after the war, Auschwitz Report details the authors' harrowing deportation to Auschwitz, and how those who disembarked from the train were selected for work or extermination. As well as being a searing narrative of everyday life in the camp, and the organization and working of the gas chambers, it constitutes Levi's first lucid attempts to come to terms with the raw horror of events that would drive him to create some of the greatest works of twentieth-century literature and testimony. Auschwitz Report is a major literary and historical discovery.
A comprehensive diplomatic and military history of the Russian conquest of Central Asia, spanning the whole of the nineteenth century.