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In physics, the idea of extra spatial dimensions originates from Nordstöm’s 5-dimensional vector theory in 1914, followed by Kaluza-Klein theory in 1921, in an effort to unify general relativity and electromagnetism in a 5 dimensional space-time (4 dimensions for space and 1 for time). Kaluza–Klein theory didn’t generate enough interest with physicist for the next five decades, due to its problems with inconsistencies. With the advent of supergravity theory (the theory that unifies general relativity and supersymmetry theories) in late 1970’s and eventually, string theories (1980s) and M-theory (1990s), the dimensions of space-time increased to 11 (10-space and 1-time dimension). Th...
The areas covered in this volume include: duality in string theory and supersymmetric gauge theories; phenomenological applications of string theory; strings in curved spacetime; quantum gravity; SUSY conformal field theories; QCD strings; aspects of mathematical physics, including: mirror symmetry, W-algebras, representation theory.
The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1979. Great appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings and Mrs. Connie Wardy for their assistance with the conference and skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Orbis Scientiae 1979 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS Evidence for Quarks from Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering...... 1 F. Sciulli Direct Experimental Evidence for Constituents in the Nucleon from Electromagnetic Scattering Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . ....
James Lepowsky t The search for symmetry in nature has for a long time provided representation theory with perhaps its chief motivation. According to the standard approach of Lie theory, one looks for infinitesimal symmetry -- Lie algebras of operators or concrete realizations of abstract Lie algebras. A central theme in this volume is the construction of affine Lie algebras using formal differential operators called vertex operators, which originally appeared in the dual-string theory. Since the precise description of vertex operators, in both mathematical and physical settings, requires a fair amount of notation, we do not attempt it in this introduction. Instead we refer the reader to the...
What is Time? Assuming no prior specialized knowledge by the reader, the book raises specific, hitherto overlooked questions about how time works, such as how and why anyone can be made to be, at the very same instant, simultaneous with events that are actually days apart. It examines abiding issues in the physics of time or at its periphery which still elude a full explanation ― such as delayed choice experiments, the brain's perception of time during saccadic masking, and more ― and suggests that these phenomena can only exist because they ultimately obey applicable mathematics, thereby agreeing with a modern view that the universe and everything within it, including the mind, are ultimately mathematical structures. It delves into how a number of conundrums, such as the weak Anthropic Principle, could be resolved, and how such resolutions could be tested experimentally. All its various threads converge towards a same new vision of the ultimate essence of time, seen as a side effect from a deeper reality.
The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1978. Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings for her assistance with the conference and for her skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Also, appreciation is extended to Dr. Osman Kadiro~u for his assistance with the proceedings this year. Orbis Scientiae 1978 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS New Approach to Cosmological Theory •. ••. •. . . . . . •. . . •. ••••••. . • 1 P. A. M. Dirac 2 Spin Forces in Large-p p-p Elastic Scattering . •. ...
Explores the early stages of the development of string theory; essential reading for physicists, historians and philosophers of science.