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The Tsars
The tsars of Russia reigned as absolute monarchs long past the time when the authority of other sovereigns had been curtailed. Here, historian Alexander Ivanov reveals their fears and betrayals, privilege and debauchery, conspiracies and rivalries, love and tragedy as they forged Russia into one of the world's greatest empires. No ruler in history has embodied the oppressive domination of these rulers more vividly than Alexander Ivanov's opening subject, Tsar Ivan IV, the first of all the Russian tsars, known to history as Ivan the Terrible. Although a gifted ruler who did much to unite and improve the conditions in his primitive country, Ivan was also a notorious sadist who delighted in tor...
State Service in Sixteenth Century Novgorod
State Service in Sixteenth Century Novgorod is about the first century of the legal development of the pomestie established by Ivan III after the conquest of Novgorod. The cadasters from the two provinces (Shelonskaia and Vodskaia) with the highest concentration of pomesties showed most remained in the original landlord's family. The acquisition of additional land from deceased family members and the exchanges for land near other relatives without the state's prior permission is evidence of its recognition of the family's interest in the land. Although the turnover was higher after the 1550s, most estates no longer in the original families' possession were abandoned or confiscated by Ivan IV...
Heads of State and Government
Macmillan published the first edition of this text in 1985. It is a detailed reference to world leaders, monarchs, presidents and their equivalents, executive leaders plus other positions with authority vested in them; heads of ruling communist parties, military junta heads and some leaders with no formal post, but who wield supreme authority. This text is a reference to leaders, past and present, of the countries of the world. The second edition updates the first and includes the far reaching political changes which have taken place in Eastern Europe and the emergence of new states. The scope of the book has been broadened to include more international organisations, more regional government leaders, more governments in exile and colonial governors of the twentieth century.
