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How Democracy Works
This text analyses the functioning of modern democracies in terms of two basic principles: political representation and policy congruence between citizens and their representatives. A group of scholars examines if democracy still works today, and how it works, while its functioning is challenged by fundamental changes in society.
Handbook of Combinatorics
Handbook of Combinatorics
Organometallic Compounds in the Environment
A knowledge of the chemical structure and concentration of organometal compounds throughout the ecosystem is important in working out the pathways and mechanisms by which metals distribute themselves throughout the environment. Treating the topic as an integrated subject area, the Second Edition of Organometallic Compounds in the Environment covers all the recent developments in analytical techniques and reports all the new work that has been achieved since the first book. Covers the general importance and characteristics of organometallic species. Includes general developments in analytical techniques. Discusses several minority elements including antimony and selenium. The book addresses the subject in a single, manageable size and each chapter can be used either as a single review or sequentially within the topic area. A useful resource for all researchers and scientists in industry working with organometallic compounds, including, chemists, environmentalists and ecologists.
Democracy and Crisis
In light of the public and scholarly debates on the challenges and problems of established democracies, such as a lack of participation, declining confidence in political elites, and the deteriorating capabilities of democratic institutions, this volume discusses the question whether democracy as such is in crisis. On the basis of the shared concept of embedded democracy, it develops a range of conceptual approaches to empirically analyzing the challenges of democracy and their potential transformation into crisis phenomena. The book is divided into three parts, the first of which highlights various aspects of political participation, such as political inequality in voting. In turn, Part II focuses on problems of political representation, while Part III assesses whether processes such as globalization, deregulation, and the withdrawal of the state from important policy areas have limited the political control and legitimacy of democratically elected governments.
Non-linear Optics in Metals
This volume provides an introduction to new optical methods for investigating the electronic, atomic, and magnetic properties of metallic surfaces and films. The methods have potentially valuable commercial applications and the book will be a useful guide to researchers in condensed matter physics and optics. The book begins with a chapter on linear Kerr spectroscopy and its application to magnetism and magnetic anisotropy effects. This is followed by two chapters discussing nonlinear magneto-optics, particularly the application of second harmonic light generation (SHG) to ultrathin films. The next chapter discusses time-resolved linear and second order reflectivity methods, and the final two chapters cover the electronic theory for nonlinear optics and nonlinear magneto-optics. These last chapters include discussions of current problems and directions for future research.
European Parliament Elections after Eastern Enlargement
This book reflects on the questions raised by the European Election Study 2004 whose analytical focus was on the legitimacy of EU politics after Eastern enlargement. It also assesses the dynamics and the contents of the campaign, on the determinants of the extremely low turnout in the new countries, and on the reasons of voter choice in West and East. The book also examines the first European Parliament election after the post-communist countries of Eastern Europe joined the European Union. The central question is: what has changed? Are the voters in the new member countries different and if so, why? Did the Union suffer from a loss of democratic legitimacy after Eastern enlargement? Each chapter is empirical-analytical; most are based on the post-election surveys of the group that were conducted in all but one of the 25 member countries, others focus on the results of content analyses of news media and party manifestos. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of European Integration.
The Natural and Societal Challenges of the Northern Sea Route
Yohei Sasakawa The Northern Sea Route is the shortest shipping route connecting the Far East and Europe. However, the route has been practically inaccessible to commercial vessels, due to the harsh natural conditions in the area, which make navigation possible for only a small part of the year, and then only with an icebreaker leading the way. Opening the Northern Sea Route would greatly facilitate international shipping, making two routes - a northbound one through the NSR, and a southbound one through Suez- available throughout all seasons. The Northern Sea Route would also help to boost economic development, including the exploitation of natural resources in Russian regions along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Thanks to international cooperation, we have been able to set up and successfully conclude a special project to investigate the possibilities of developing the Northern Sea Route as a commercial route, while protecting the environment, wildlife and peoples of the Arctic Ocean region. This represents a highly significant step in terms of future global development.
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice
This new, self-contained volume covers in a critical, exhaustive, and in-depth manner the progress in AAS determinations of 55 chemical elements in 42 individual chapters, with an emphasis on the latest instrumental and methodological developments. These include Zeeman background correction, the Stabilized Temperature Platform Atomizer (STPA), flow-injection and continuous-flow approaches, slurry and solid sampling, efficient chemical modification, on-line sample pretreatment/enrichment, speciation, availability of QC materials, alternative analytical techniques, and more. A key to this vast application area is provided by well-organized tabulated information, including outlines of 782 selected AAS procedures for analysis of blood, serum, urine, hair, nail, teeth, tissues, food, and other relevant biological specimens. More than 2100 AAS papers are included in a unique bibliography of 3223 up-to-date references spanning the last 13 years.
