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Ozone has an important and irreplaceable function in nature and human society. It preserves life on the Earth by stratospheric ozone layer. On the other hand, the formation of ground-level ozone by reactions of hydrocarbons with nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sunlight has adverse effects on humans and animals as well as on various materials. This book concentrates on the protection of stratospheric ozone and prevention of ground-level ozone formation; applications of its strong oxidizing properties in the treatment of water, wastewater and sludge; odor and color removal; uses in medicine as a disinfectant; and various other ozone therapies. It also deals with catalytic ozonation in water treatment, control methods for ozone applications on biological systems, various areas of ozone use in dental care, follow-up therapy and prevention.
Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a wide spectrum of pollutants. Their effective removal presents a challenge for water treatment technology. Biosorption of nutrients and pollutants has been used in sewage treatment since the discovery of the activated sludge process. It is a passive uptake process by which pollutants are adsorbed on the surface of cell walls and/or dissolved in structures of microorganism cells that are present in sludge. Sorbed pollutants remain in the sludge and can be potentially released back into the environment depending on their condition and the reversibility of the pollutant-sludge interaction. An overview of typical biosorption applications for the removal of nutrients, organic pollutants, and metals in wastewater treatment is provided in different areas of their use for the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health. This book will be of interest to operators of wastewater treatment plants and sludge treatment and disposal facilities as well as to researchers and university students in the field of environmental engineering.
This book is dedicated to operations research of broad applications, such as improving informational bases of performance measurement with grey relational analysis, application of lean methodologies in a neurosurgery high dependency unit, iteration algorithms in Markov decision processes with state-action-dependent discount factors and unbounded costs, financial feasibility analysis of Natura Rab business case study, and mathematical modeling of isothermal drying and its potential application in the design of the industrial drying regimes of clay products.Operations research is an important topic. In addition to its obvious benefits of winning a war, making most profit in a business endeavor, and constructing a correct mathematical model, it also provides a tool for efficient use of natural resources. Furthermore, both theory and practice of operations research and its related concepts are covered in the book, and a reader can benefit from this balanced coverage.
The book on Physico-Chemical Treatment of Wastewater and Resource Recovery provides an efficient and low-cost solution for remediation of wastewater. This book focuses on physico-chemical treatment via advanced oxidation process, adsorption, its management and recovery of valuable chemicals. It discusses treatment and recovery process for the range of pollutants including BTX, PCB, PCDDs, proteins, phenols, antibiotics, complex organic compounds and metals. The occurrence of persistent pollutants poses deleterious effects on human and environmental health. Simple solutions for recovery of valuable chemicals and water during physico-chemical treatment of wastewater are discussed extensively. This book provides necessary knowledge and experimental studies on emerging physico-chemical processes for reducing water pollution and resource recovery.
This book reports research findings on several interesting topics in waste disposal including geophysical methods in site studies, municipal solid waste disposal site investigation, integrated study of contamination flow path at a waste disposal site, nuclear waste disposal, case studies of disposal of municipal wastes in different environments and locations, and emissions related to waste disposal.
The omnipresence of diverse microorganisms in the environment is valuable in many ways. Their presence in the vicinity of plants benefits as a result of positive plant-microbe interaction. Phytostimulating microorganisms or plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) are a certain group of microbes that includes rhizobacteria, endophytes, actinomycetes, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc. They are colonized in different parts of plants (as endophytes) or the close contact outside the plants’ root-surface (rhizosphere and rhizoplane) attracted by certain plant exudates or secondary metabolites for nutrition. In return, PGPMs directly or indirectly assist their host plants by secreting plant growth-promoting substances, increase nutrient bioavailability of insoluble or less-soluble compounds in soils, and also confronts invading phytopathogens. A major group of these microorganisms takes an active part in soil metal bioremediation, an essential concern in the current scenario for the reclamation of metal-contaminated agricultural fields.
Although several countries have been introducing more stringent laws to reduce the amount of waste to be land-filled, in an attempt to maximise recycling and materials recovery, landfilling is still the most generalised practice for municipal solid waste treatment. In this book, the authors discuss waste management in landfills, regional practices and its environmental impact. Topics include the reduction of environmental impact of municipal landfill leachate during oxidative treatment; polymers recycling; management of electronic waste in the Basque Country; and toxicity of landfills by plant cytogenetic and mutagenic effects.
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Emerging contaminants are chemical and biological agents for which there is growing concern about their potential health and environmental effects. The threat lies in the fact that the sources, fate and toxicology of most of these compounds have not yet been studied. Emerging contaminants, therefore, include a large number of both recently discovered and well-known compounds such as rare earth elements, viruses, bacteria, nanomaterials, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, hormones, personal care products, cosmetics, pesticides, surfactants and industrial chemicals. Emerging contaminants have been found in many daily products, and some of them accumulate in the food chain. Correlations have been observed between aquatic pollution by emerging contaminants and discharges from wastewater treatment plants. Most actual remediation methods are not effective at removing emerging contaminants. This second volume presents comprehensive knowledge on emerging contaminants with a focus on remediation.