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With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa.
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An advisor to Lionel Jospin, this author paints a picture of the messy march toward a unified Europe and calls for a more representative system, starting with a Constitution for al or Europe.
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Este trabalho resulta de uma investigação em Museologia e Património Cultural sobre a concetualização do Museu Nacional da Ciência e da Técnica (1971-1976). Pretende-se dar a conhecer o contexto em que emerge o Museu, as suas influências, a sua estrutura, a sua projeção e dificuldade de reconhecimento no seio da comunidade museológica. Este Museu foi pensado e construído por Mário Silva, eminente físico conimbricense, que se doutorou com a Nobel Madame Marie Curie, no início do século XX. O único Museu nacional dedicado à ciência e à tecnologia, classificado na chamada “primeira geração”, foi impulsionado sob a égide do então Ministro da Educação Nacional, o Pro...
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In the 13th century, a group of heretics in southwest France, the Cathars, became a serious threat to the Catholic church. In several waves of repression, thousands of Cathars were killed. Yet so ardent was their faith that, early in the next century, the Cathars rose one last time. Using the breathtakingly detailed and uniquely extant documentation from this period, and drawing on his intimate knowledge of the last Cathars' tracks and hiding places, many of which survive to this day, René Weis tells the full story of this gripping historical episode.
Balibar examines twelve problems spanning the frontiers of physics, and he devotes a chapter to each issue. --from publisher description.
The first comprehensive history of the Fall Campaign that determined control of Central Europe following Napoleon's catastrophic defeat in Russia.