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Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 95. Publication of this monograph will coincide, to a precision of a few per mil, with the centenary of Henri Becquerel's discovery of "radiations actives" (C. R. Acad. Sci., Feb. 24, 1896). In 1896 the Earth was only 40 million years old according to Lord Kelvin. Eleven years later, Boltwood had pushed the Earth's age past 2000 million years, based on the first U/Pb chemical dating results. In exciting progression came discovery of isotopes by J. J. Thomson in 1912, invention of the mass spectrometer by Dempster (1918) and Aston (1919), the first measurement of the isotopic composition of Pb (Aston, 1927) and the final approach, using Pb-Pb isotopic dating, to the correct age of the Earth: close-2.9 Ga (Gerling, 1942), closer-3.0 Ga (Holmes, 1949) and closest-4.50 Ga (Patterson, Tilton and Inghram, 1953).
The Galápagos Islands are renown for their unique flora and fauna, inspiring Charles Darwin in the elaboration of his theory of evolution. Yet in his Voyage of the Beagle, published in 1839, Darwin also remarked on the fascinating geology and volcanic origin of these enchanted Islands. Since then, the Galápagos continue to provide scientists with inspiration and invaluable information about ocean island formation and evolution, mantle plumes, and the deep Earth. Motivated by an interdisciplinary Chapman Conference held in the Islands, this AGU volume provides cross-disciplinary collection of recent research into the origin and nature of ocean islands, from their deepest roots in Earth's ma...
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 93. A principal goal of space plasma researchers is to understand the influence of various transport processes on each other, even when such processes operate at widely varying spatial and temporal scales. We know that large-scale plasma flows in space lead to unstable conditions with small spatial (centimeters to meters) and temporal (microseconds to seconds) scales. The large-scale flows, for example in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, involve scale lengths of kilometers to several Earth radii and temporal scales of minutes to hours. We must know specific contextual answers to the questions: Do the small-scale waves (microprocesses) modify the large-scale flows? Do these modifications significantly affect the transport of mass, momentum, and energy? How can such coupling processes and their influences be revealed observationally? And, perhaps most challenging of all, how do we incorporate the microprocesses into theoretical models of larger-scale space plasma transport?
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Not since Willam A. Bryan's 1915 landmark compendium, Hawaiian Natural History, has there been a single-volume work that offers such extensive coverage of this complex but fascinating subject. Illustrated with more than two dozen color plates and a hundred photographs and line drawings, Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution updates both the earlier publication and subsequent works by compiling and synthesizing in a uniform and accessible fashion the widely scattered information now available. Readers can trace the natural history of the Hawaiian Archipelago through the book's twenty-eight chapters or focus on specific topics such as island formation by plate tectonics, plant and animal evolution, flightless birds and their fossil sites, Polynesian migrational history and ecology, the effects of humans and exotic animals on the environment, current conservation efforts, and the contributions of the many naturalists who visited the islands over the centuries and the stories behind their discoveries. An extensive annotated bibliography and a list of audio-visual materials will help readers locate additional sources of information.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 88. This volume focuses on the volcanic, fluid, sedimentary, and tectonic processes occurring in the trencharc-backarc systems of the western Pacific—a natural regional focus for studies of these themes. The results of ocean drilling and associated site surveys in the western Pacific have brought fundamental changes to our understanding of volcanism, crustal deformation, fluid circulation, and sedimentation in active margins and marginal basins. Our goal here is to synthesize the results of ocean drilling in a multi-disciplinary manner, including a comparison of the findings from drilling legs having similar themes, and to emphasize the significance of these results to the broader geoscience community.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 87. This volume provides a review of progress made in recent years in experimental and theoretical investigation of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere and coupling between these regions and the ionosphere. Detailed study of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere/ionosphere (MLTI) region has historically been difficult because of its relative inaccessibility to direct measurement techniques and the complex and highly coupled processes which occur there. Although we have still not successfully unraveled all these complex interactions, we have made significant recent progress toward a fuller unde...