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In general, the most effective approach is a state abatement subsidy -- kept low -- combined with a pollution tax. But when federal or state inspection capabilities are limited, federal monitoring subsidies may be an effective substitute.
Analysts must pay close attention to sampling procedures used to collect survey data. This case study illustrates how observed changes in household welfare and in the incidence of poverty can vanish when corrections are applied to the data for changes in sampling procedures - and how even the direction of the trend may be reversed.
Federal monitoring of decentralized (state) environmental management - through a system of pollution-based fines and taxes assigned respectively to the federal and state governments - can improve firms' compliance and environmental agency performance without damaging state revenue, and perhaps even improve it.
A country's economic policies significantly affect the performance of investment projects in the social sectors, especially education.
Are debt and equity finance complements or substitutes? Probably complements, which means that the existence of active stock markets should increase the volume of business for financial intermediaries.